Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s...

Exposing the Weakness of Saint Anselm of Canterbury’s Ontological Argument In a world of scientific inquiry, atheism, and the assassination of God, we are often neglectful of our Glorious God’s existence. With new theories of neuropsychology, quantum physics, gene therapy, evolution, and psychobiology, we are constantly forced to edge God out of our lives, to be replaced with cold, empty scientific thought. What, with meme theory, genetic predisposition, evolutionary spontaneous generation, dark matter, super string theory, multi-layered universes, and the neurological reasons behind consciousness, we are becoming more and more distant from the reality that is God. This is disappointing. This is painful. And thankfully, this†¦show more content†¦His major contribution to apologetics and theology is now called the Ontological Proof, which, essentially, is a set of logical steps which show that God must exist. One thousand years later, his proof is still a powerful argument against the plague of atheism. With it, we can turn the tables on physicists, biologists, chemists, and psychologists. We can fall asleep at night knowing in our soul that God does indeed exist. We can use the scientist’s weapons of logic and rhetoric to injure that scientist’s theories. But, the skeptic asks, how can we use a one thousand year old argument now, in the year 2000? Is it not out of date? Is it still applicable in a world of black holes, nuclear physics, Einstein-Rosen bridges, and self-replicating memes? I answer in the affirmative, and I will relate the Ontological Argument in a more contemporaneous way, with the hope that my more simplistic, understandable methods will prove effective. Anselm’s Ontological Argument: The essential points of Anselm’s arguments are these: God exists, for there is goodness in the world, and goodness can be good only through a supreme good that is good through itself, and only God is good through Himself. God exists, for since whatever exists does so only through something, there must be a supremely great being that exists through itself and through which all other things exist. God exists, for there are degrees of worth in

The Differences Of Slavery And The English Colonies

The Differences of Slavery in Africa, the Spanish Colonies, and the English Colonies During the 16th and 19th centuries, slavery was widespread throughout the world. It was practiced by African and European countries to facilitate labor in their colonies abroad. These cultures, who were economically dependent upon the slave trade, also utilized slaves to fill vacancies wherever the citizenry failed to meet the needs of labor. The areas that are experienced in the primary sources are the English colonies of North America, Spanish colonies that spanned from Florida through the Caribbean Islands, and Africa, the European source for slaves, which utilized slaves similar to livestock headed for the market. Whether one was a slave of the English, Spanish, or Africans, slaves were treated differently based on control such as personal agency and use of religion. The slaves in Africa had a tribal system of slavery that was unique to the continent. African slaves could maintain personal agency because they were familiar with the land, customs, and people around them. Knowing the geography of the land allowed the escaped slave to navigate towards the freedom of his own tribe. Knowing the customs of the people allowed the escaped slave to blend into the local people while travelling towards freedom. Knowing the people allowed the escaped slave to gain allies. Allies gave access to food, shelter, supplies, bushcrafting tools, and treatment of injuries should the escaped slave need it.Show MoreRelatedchapter 3 and 41055 Words   |  5 Pagesthought out. Chapter 3 â€Å"Introduction† â€Å"Global Competition and the Expansion of England’s Empire† â€Å"Origins of American Slavery† â€Å"Colonies in Crisis†- Choose only one sub-topic â€Å"The Growth of Colonial America† â€Å"Social Classes in the Colonies†- Choose only one sub-topic 1. How did the mercantilist system work? Explain how the â€Å"mother country† benefited from having colonies. a. The government was in charge of all economic activity the way to promote power. They establish special boundaries.Read MoreEssay about Slavery by Another Name1282 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the book, The Origins of Slavery, the author, Betty Woods, depicts how religion and race along with social, economic, and political factors were the key factors in determining the exact timing that the colonist’s labor bases of indentured Europeans would change to involuntary West African servitude. These religion and racial differences along with the economic demand for more labor played the key roles in the formation of slavery in the English colonies. When the Europeans first arrivedRead MoreThe British North American Colonies857 Words   |  4 Pageshundred English settlers landed on the North American shore in 1607, at a place they would name Jamestown. In the ensuing decades, more people traveled to this new land, and they expanded their territories, eventually forming the Thirteen Original Colonies. At first glance, the colonies were very much alike, as they had all kept their English culture and remained loyal to England. However, after closer inspection it was evident that many concrete differences existed between the colonies, specificallyRead MoreEuropean Exploration And Conquest Of Latin America1277 Words   |  6 Pageswhat to do with and abundant valuable natural resources, greed quickly became the driving force behind most of the settler’s actions. Slavery became a tremendously important aspect of both society and economics in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese colonies through the encomienda system of forced labor. Although European settlers had nearly identical goals, slavery had distinct roles in their individual colonial economies and societies. European settlers began to travel to and colonize Latin AmericaRead More Through the careful reading of American Colonies Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Colonies, written by Alan Taylor, it is clear that there are vast differences as well as a number of similarities between the European competitors as they began to colonize the Americas but diversity can also be found within the colonies they would create. American Colonies shows a close relationship between climate, the state of the economy, and the development of slavery. The varying climate within the Americas proved to have an enormous impact on the source of revenue a colony would relyRead MoreDifferences Between Latin And North America1279 Words   |  6 Pagesdestroyed Native empires and created their own. 2. The differences between Latin America and North America are primarily due to the disparity between Spanish and English culture. Both Latin and North America are different, due to the Spanish and English ideals implemented in each area. The way of life in both regions are very different. Additionally, the trading and methods of making a stable economy, are substantially diverse. If the English had conquered Mexico and Peru instead of North AmericaRead More Racism Or Slavery Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesRacism or Slavery, which came first? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Racism or slavery, neither, this essay will document the prejudice against Africans from Europeans that led into slavery and racism. Prejudice issues in a dislike for an individual or group of these individuals. This dislike can simulate from many differences that are shared, religion, culture, system of living (government and social practice), or in some cases looks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Initially English contact withRead More Comparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Curiosity and bravery led the English to discover the nations of America. These strong willed Europeans, determined to find to a new world, set out with high hopes and ambitions. Settling a variety of colonies along the coast of North America, the English were among the first true pioneers. After several expeditions and ships loads of emigrants, the English had a divergence of reasons for departing Europe for America. The settlers of theRead MoreEssay On Slavery And Indentured Servitude946 Words   |  4 PagesMid-Term Exam (Part One Essay) Option 1: Using information from readings and lectures (no outside sources) describe the conditions of slavery and indentured servitude in the English colonies. Assess the relative severity of the two conditions and argue why one might have been worse, or equal to the other. Slavery, in any form, is one of the gravest crimes against human rights. Whether indentured servitude or plain enslavement, its impact was enormous on the daily lives of the people subjected toRead MoreNorth And South Colonial Differences Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Northern and Southern Cultural Differences During the 18th century differences in life, thought, and interests had developed between the Southern and Northern colonies. The origin of these differences grew from the differences in religion, economics, and social structures between the Southern and Northern Colonies. Slavery, manufacturing, education, and agriculture influenced the everyday way of life for the colonists. This has had everlasting effects on America till this day. Agriculture

Mass Media And Its Impact On Society - 928 Words

Conclusion Mass media has become easily accessible and has grown bigger than anyone could have imagined 20 years ago, for the invention of the internet, mass media is able to reach a bigger audience at an almost unbelievable rate. Many people depend on mass media as a source of information, taking the information at face value, perpetuating the information they received unto others. Whether the information be about politicians, world affairs, and or the police, we, as society, do believe what we see and hear, though we often don’t question or ponder the validity of such information. This research was created in order to contribute insight on how our perceptions of police are crafted by the information we receive, but this insight isn’t limited to the police and we should we question what we receive, for provided information may not be necessarily true or an accurate representation of a group or entity. Gathering information from one source doesn’t further oneâ₠¬â„¢s knowledge of a subject, but through many sources, one can garnish an ideal that may be fair and neutral and if one were to blindly accept the information fed by the mass media, social media, physical interactions, and worth of mouth, thus would create misconception and misinformation. The research suggests the media played a small role and only had slight effects in altering the way people perceived the police, but ultimately, many people’s perceptions of police were shaped by their physical interactions and theShow MoreRelatedMass Media And Its Impact On Society1719 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s world society believes that mass media plays a key role in shaping and communicating our culture. Mass Media is defined as a technological advancement of communication. People receive information about the world through mass media and it helps shape people’s beliefs, values, perception, and behavior. Mass media is a controversial topic among sociologists, many of them have differentiating opinions of how mass media is influencing people daily lives today. Through this research analysisRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society935 Words   |  4 PagesOption two Mass media has evolved tremendously in the last century and even the last few years it has changed. Each type of mass media however functions differently in society. For example, one mass media platform is newspapers. Newspapers were the first mass news media, beginning in 1692 till 1920. When newspapers first started out, the government controlled the content that newspapers produced. This impacted significantly how this society shaped itself, and also what people thought. That quicklyRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesis mass media. Mass media is a means of communication that reach number of people in a short time. Mass media includes television, newspaper, magazine, radio and Internet (Nariman,2011) . It is a large pool of information from where every type of information can be extracted and is widening more and more. Mass media influences the society especially the younger generation and shape their opinions and decisions. The study of th e impacts of mass media requires a great understanding. Mass media haveRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1195 Words   |  5 Pagescommunications â€Å"produced at a single source [to be] transmitted to an infinitely large audience† (Fearing, F. 1954), the social impacts of communications via mass media have been a subject of intense research by political and social scientists. This literature review intends to examine the major theories and perspectives on mass media with regard to its impact on society, which existed throughout the 1950’s and 70’s. Special attention will be given to the subjects of human social development, distributionRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media Introduction The evolution of mass media has changed remarkably over decades. Media has been a tool utilized to broadcast information and give entertainment to a broad audience for relatively some time. In many ways, the use of television has helped construct the overall understanding of society. What we visualize on television ultimately replicates the â€Å"realities of life†. The messages/images demonstrated on the air depict underlying customs sought out by society that are most reputableRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe modern societies which we presently inhabit are constituted by every day subjects who uphold the deeply imbedded systems of power and complacency through the deeply rooted acceptance of mass media. In the words of Guy Debord, â€Å"The spectacle is not a collection of images; rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by images†, where the spectacle is loosely defined as mass media. Debord is saying that mass media is more than just images and ways of communication, it’s howRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreThe Impact of Mass Media Advertising on Society Essay examples968 Words   |  4 Pagesas the good life, consumerism is essentially expected. Numerous billboards, posters, flyers and spam mail commercializing products on a daily basis could prove it. Cutting edge technology also allows advertisements be experienced through the use of mass medium and it is nearly impossible to escape the invasion of advertising. Continuous exposure to advertisements has indeed impacted numerous consumers, in which most of them are unaware to the sit uation and companies are taking advantage of this byRead MoreEssay about Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture1178 Words   |  5 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short-Read MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This is

A Physics Special On Mass Energy Equivalence - 718 Words

The Great Lakes Tribune A Physics Special on Mass-Energy Equivalence Article By: Hugh Corley History Born in Germany in 1879, Albert Einstein was theoretical physicist. After graduating high school, he began working in a Swiss patent office in 1903. 1905 was like any other year in the patent office. That is, until September 27, when Albert Einstein finished a paper that would revolutionize physics. Titled â€Å"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy-Content?† it was the final paper in a series of four he submitted that year to the German physics journal, Annalen der Physik. The first three papers explained the photoelectric effect, gave experimental proof of the atoms, and introduced the theory of special relativity. In the fourth paper however, Einstein explained the idea of mass-energy equivalence, using the now famous equation E=mc2. Although the idea of mass-energy equivalence existed before Einstein, it was never realized and systematically consolidated to a single equation. iii Explanation Figure 1: The Rest Mass Energy Equation.ii This equation states that that the energy of the system (E) is equivalent to the mass of the system (m) times the speed of light squared. In short, mass and energy are separate quantities that are closely related. So close, in fact, that they are physically equivalent to each other. An increase in energy yields a proportional increase in inertial mass. However it is important to note that the matter remains unchanged. AnotherShow MoreRelatedAlbert Einstein ´s Discoveries, Theories and Contributions to the World1186 Words   |  5 Pages Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein was a physicist who made quantum leaps in microscopic and macroscopic sciences and greatly influenced all of science with the derivation of his mass-energy equivalence equation E=mc2. At age five, Einstein received his first compass, and his fascination with it ignited a spark within him to investigate the natural world. As a child, Einstein was interested in math and science and excelled in these are as due to a self-education program he created. Read MoreTheory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein1850 Words   |  8 PagesEinstein received his Doctorate degree and started working on one of his most influential papers, which was the Special Theory of Relativity. After Einstein completed his Special Theory of Relativity, he moved onto creating the General Theory of Relativity which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. With the creation of both the General Theory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein was able to create his Theory of Relativity which comprises of both theories. OtherRead MoreThe Child Of Hermann And Pauline Einstein1746 Words   |  7 Pageson the qualifying exam. He did however score exceptionally beyond the average on math and science, so he was admitted provided he complete his secondary education. His primary study was in line with becoming a professor of physics and he studied under the hea d professor of physics, Heinrich Friedrich Weber. Despite the renown of Weber, Einstein retreated to his old methodology of independent study when he learned Weber denied many of the new contributions to science. It was at the Polytechnic schoolRead MoreImportant Discoveries in Physics Essay2329 Words   |  10 Pages Ideas in the subject of Physics are never absolute; it is a forever-changing topic. We think we have discovered everything there is to know about it, and then we find out something new that changes everything. That is one of the reasons physics is so interesting to learn about – there will always be something new. There are many very important discoveries in Physics. This paper will describe some of the discoveries. These discoveries are prevalent throughout history and in our daily lives. OneRead MoreAlbert Einstein s Theory Of Relativity And The Father Of The Atomic Age1174 Words   |  5 Pagesteacher of physics and mathematics. He was able to obtain his diploma in 1901 and become a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office (Nobel Prize). In 1905 he obtained his doctor’s degree, and in that same year, was able to publish four scientific papers that would go on to become some of the most important works in science. One of these introduced the theory of relatively, while another one introduced his formula of mass and energy (Albert Einstein: A life spent re-imagining physics). His passionRead MoreRelativity Essay1956 Words   |  8 Pagesin physics that can be basically implies that space and time are one in the same. This is absolutely counterintuitive to classical physics which has the two as completely different entities. Relativity can be separated into two basic concepts: Special and General Relativity. Within Relativity the fundamental concept abo ve all else is that space and time are intertwined with each other in the universe as a fabric called space-time. Simply put, Special Relativity deals with the laws of Physics whenRead More Albert Einstein Essay500 Words   |  2 Pages This German born physicist is considered one of the world’s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living. Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small electric machinery shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this he taught himselfRead MoreAlbert Einstein Research Paper996 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause he could not speak fluently until he was about nine years old. â€Å"He would pause for a long time between sentences, and sometimes he would repeat himself†. (Jake Goldberg pg.7) In school when Einstein was young he didn’t appear to have any special educational â€Å"gift†, â€Å"In fact, he impressed his early teachers as a dreamy child without an especially promising future†. (Jeremy Bernstein pg.21) However as Einstein became older he started getting older his acumen progresses immensely, â€Å"at the ageRead MoreAlbert Einstein Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthought with new conceptions of time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation. He treated matter and energy as exchangeable, not distinct. In so doing, he laid the basis for controlling the release of energy from the atom. Thus, Einstein was one of the fathers of the nuclear age. 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Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture Free Essays

Are standardization and innovation in conflict? I have no doubt standardization and innovation are in conflict, at least to some extent, because standardization (almost by definition) reduces the amount of variation of processes or systems simultaneously used in a company. That is the whole point of standardization. If you reduce the variation allowed in the company, then necessarily you would lose some innovation â€Å"that could have happened†. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think if innovation is viewed in an evolutionary way, mass variation would be created by the local units focused on their individual needs and only the best innovations would e retained and scaled to the rest of the company. If all the companies departments are allowed to develop locally optimal solutions to their problems, certainly some of these variations will be better (at least for the unit) than by using a standardized software or technologies company-wide. To continue with the evolutionary theme, using any centrally dictated standardized process would reduce the possible variation in which could be selected from the environment of each business unit. Think the better to view standardization vs.. Innovation as an inescapable trade-off. Does an enterprise architecture that allows a company to increase operational efficiency, ease of integration, reduce development costs, duplication of systems, simplify the acquisition of new modules, and sometimes vastly reduced maintenance costs worth some drop in the rate of innovation? I would argue that is absolutely worth it in in most instances. The key is to view this as an optimal trade-off where you can retain almost all of the innovation while also increasing standardization. An Enterprise Architecture that standardizes the types of technologies used across the many (PH/Dot. Net or Unix/Microsoft) is in the best interest of the company. When you intentionally limit the available options of each individual business units options (such as when Timber]jack decided to use Unix and that immediately removed many otherwise eligible companies) you are going to reduce the chance of finding the â€Å"perfect solution† for every possible module. Fortunately, most companies can settle on a â€Å"very good but not perfect† solution with any of the market leading platforms without getting a major drop in innovation. Agreeing on a standardized portfolio of technologies and processes, a company can then focus its resources on bringing new functionality to their users without wasting so many resources trying to hold together a Frankincense combination of dozens of systems, technologies and processes together that work â€Å"perfect† in isolation. Ultimately, using more resources on bringing new functionality will increase the total value of the IT department and the rate the department can innovate. Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture and Innovation in Conflict? By Seasonableness How to cite Are Standardization from Enterprise Architecture, Papers

Essay on Principles of Empowerment-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Essay on Principles of Empowerment, teams and positive change and their impact on Organizational Performance. Answer: In the modern age a business enterprise is run by employers and employees unlike in the ancient or in Middle Ages when slaves were forced to work for their masters (Abd-El-Salam etal., 2013). Along with time and the development of world business and communication, employees have gained more rights in terms of working hours, compensations and others. However, presently the term principle of employee empowerment refers to the allowances made by the Company management to the employees in case of certain decisions (Abd-El-Salam etal., 2013). There are various factors related to employee empowerment and how it affects a business organisation (Abd-El-Salam etal., 2013). The benefits of the empowerment, its importance, its impact on the organisation and the ill effects of it is to be thoroughly discussed to understand employee empowerment in its entirety (Rizwan, Mukhtar, 2014). The purpose of the essay is to explore the perspectives of the employees and the leadership to understand the im pact of employee empowerment on a working environment. The study includes all the three perspectives on the subject matter and hence, it presents a holistic point of view. This essay is primarily divided into three parts. The first part is written from the point of view of an employee, the second part is written from an objective view point of an individual and the third part is written from a team leaders perspective. These three different points of views is for the construction of a holistic structural view on employee empowerment. The employee of an empowerment depends on the Managements will to initiate a process which can provide more rights to the employees in terms of innovation and become a part of decision making procedures (Abd-El-Salam etal., 2013). The leadership of a company plays a major role in empowering the employees with certain rights and authority to work freely with in the codes and regulations of the company. The leadership of an organisation should be good enough to control the employees and also make them part of the decision making and initiating various activities (Rizwan, Mukhtar, 2014). According to various studies employee empowerment reduces costs and improves productivity, it improves customer service and initiates change for the betterment of the company. Therefore the leadership should know the process of channelling the employees towards a proper direction for the benefit of the company (Rizwan, Mukhtar, 2014). It is a fact that team work is always better for an organisation. Team work ensures better productivity and distribution. Better team activity results into positive changes in the company. The limitation of the essay lies in setting up practical examples which sometimes become important to understand a subject. This essay also discusses about the importance of a team and its relevance in an organisation. The significance of positive change and its initiators is another important subject related to the betterment of the organisation (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). It is a fact that an organisation is actually run by its employees. The employees initiates, thinks and executes each and every work for an organisation (Appelbaum, 2014). In the recent times, there has been a huge debate about the employee empowerment. The subject was a discussion was about whether an employee should be provided with certain independence in the workplace to innovate, adapt and become a part of the decision making process (Appelbaum, 2014). This debate also included how, the recent standard of the business organisation is all about limiting the authority of the employees on certain areas (Fernandez Moldogaziev, 2015). However, it is an elongated process to implement an employee empowerment program. There are requirements like surveys, seminars, open discussions, and management meetings in the process in implementing the employee empowerment program in an organisation (Fernandez Moldogaziev, 2015). Most of the organisations do not implement this proper process and h ence it creates problem for both the management and the employees (Namasivayam, Guchait Lei, 2014). There are various advantages to employee empowerment. In primary observation, it can be understood that, it not only provides more confidence to the employees but also allows them to think for the betterment of the company (Namasivayam, Guchait Lei, 2014). Every organisation wants its employees to get involved into the work in a more serious way (Appelbaum, 2014). The organisation wants its employees to remain well knitted and enhance their team performance (Namasivayam, Guchait Lei, 2014). As an employee, I feel that initiating employee empowerment acts as a positive catalyst in the working environment of an organisation. Employees initiate each and every work in an organisation. Employees gain enormous experience through the execution of works (Goetsch Davis, 2014). This experience can be rightly utilised when they are provided with more authority to advice and argue in terms of decision making. It also helps us, the employees to implement certain strategies during the execution of the work. This fastens the working process and helps to make the employees to develop their skills through the practical experiences in their own way. As an employee (Appelbaum, 2015), I feel that the major impact of employee empowerment on an organisation is the reduction in the cost of processing, productivity, marketing and all other processes which are run by the company. Every organisation wants to reduce the cost of production. The organisations try and implement various strategies and technologies in order to achieve the cost cut in productivity (Goetsch Davis, 2014). However, one of the major techniques to reduce the cost of a product is to provide enough responsibilities and independence to the employees in the workplace (Goetsch Davis, 2014). As the employees are well versed in their work they understand the methods of reducing the cost of production (Goetsch Davis, 2014). It is also true that employee empowerment helps the employee to believe that he belongs to the working arena and he understands his importance to the Organisation. This results into more sincerity and honesty from us as the company becomes emotionally attached to us as employees (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). However, the empowerment of the employees in terms of decision making and responsibility will not result into a salary hike. Rather, it would encourage us to work for the betterment of the organisation. In the service sector, Customer service has become one of the major concerns for the Enterprises (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). The company invests a large share of its investments in initiating customer service. In our company, customer service is regarded as the most vital tool to communicate with the customers and to expand our share in the market (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). The empowerment of the employees ensures better customer service. If the employees are provided with the power to take decisions in the absence of the supervisor, it makes the job easier for them. Every individual have their own way of expressing things through language and behaviour in their specific way. Every individual differs from one another in terms of the language they use and in the process of communication. As employees we are provided with specific module and script following which becomes mandatory during the formal conversations with the customers. However, it became easier for us when we were allowed to go off script and utilise our own communication skills to manipulate and converse with the customers freely (Fernandez Moldogaziev, 2015). However, this also might have its negative impacts on business but the slight breach of codes can also be fruitful for the productivity and sales of the company (Allen, Lehmann-Willenbrock Sands, 2016). If the employees are allowed to take decisions by using their own skills and experience it can be useful for the company. This would not only ensure better customer service but will also develop the employees and their intellectual quotient. The power of improvisation also may be cost effective as well (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). Through this process an employee can come more close to the organisation and even take pride for their creative inputs. Encouraging creativity can be a major way to better productivity in the business (Chrobot-Mason Aramovich, 2013). Sometimes change becomes instrumental for increasing the productivity of a company. In a globalised market where the business standards and scenario changes every minute, transformation of the company principles becomes important. The employers and the management of the company run it according to certain principles and techniques (Allen, Lehmann-Willenbrock Sands, 2016). However, as an employee I understand the real problems and change needed for our company. It is important to include the employees in the important decisions to know their perspective. Most of the times these exchange of ideas become profitable for the company (Allen, Lehmann-Willenbrock Sands, 2016). It is necessary for the company to create the right environment for the employees so that they can question the decisions taken by the hierarchy of the organisation. These initiatives are not only cost effective and productive for the organisation but it also increase the overall team bonding and create a better work ing environment A team can be defined as a smaller unit which acts according to the assigned role in an organisation (Driskell etal., 2017). Every team has its specificity in terms of work, performance and functions. According to the Belbin model there are nine different types of roles in a team. Belbin emphasises on each and every role and discusses about the function it plays in the team (Eubanks et al., 2016). Firstly, it is to create ideas followed by exploring opportunities, co-ordination., shaping the structure of work, monitoring or evaluation, implementation of the plan and technical assessment of the plan (Driskell etal., 2017). Every process of a work begins with an idea about it. Creative work is the most elevated form of work in a team (Ruch et al., 2016). The creative initiation of the project ensures proper information and also helps others to create a proper structure of the work in their minds to run the process properly (Elnaga Imran, 2014). A creative idea is converted into a prod uctive work through enormous research and exploration of that idea. This exploration is often regarded as a collaborative process and a team activity (Ruch et al., 2016). This exploration about the idea helps in the enhancement of the co-ordination and to create a proper project material. In the next step, this explorations and findings are properly discussed with the team leaders and others (Elnaga Imran, 2014). This process clarifies the objectives, elevates decision making and helps in building team co-ordination. Another role is of the shaping the entire process until coordination and structuralise it properly for the future initiation of the work (Driskell etal., 2017). This job role is dynamic, challenging and is sometimes difficult handle. This is followed by monitoring and evaluating the previous works. This process is about proper planning to avoid future possibilities of facing obstacles by the team. The work then passes to the Team Worker, who provides support to all the team members and ensures the working culture in the organisation (Ruch et al., 2016). The role of implementing the ideas needs a dynamic, challenging and reliable person in it (Elnaga Imran, 2014). This role is highly risky as it involves a lot of responsibility and sincerity to implement the ideas into a practical situation (Ruch et al., 2016). A complete finisher monitors and evaluates the entire work from the beginning to the implementation and rectifies the mistakes or errors committed by the people of previous job roles. The final assessment of the plan is required to make the entire work error free (Mostert, 2015). This job role also assesses the quality of the work and the amount of feedback it can get from the customers. All these job roles are equally important for a team to work and complete a project properly in a workplace (Ruch et al., 2016). However, one of the primary job roles is to shape up the process properly for the future initiation of the project (Oke et al., 2016). The role of a shaper comes into play right in the middle of the project. A shapers role is to structuralise the process properly so that the work can be properly executed processed and rectified (Oke et al., 2016). To understand the significance of the role of a shaper in an organisation it is important assess the entire context in a proper way. The creative role is about imagining and discovering an idea which will be suitable for the project. The explorer or the researcher explores the positive outcomes and extensions of that idea. The co-ordinator manipulates and communicates the exploration of the idea to all the team members. The shaper keeps all these three previous roles in mind to initiate his role (Elnaga Imran, 2014). A shaper not only studies the explorations of the idea done by the resource investigator and the instructions or illustratio ns provided by the co-ordinator, he also uses his imaginative power to properly arrange the entire project (Elnaga Imran, 2014). His role often ensures the further job roles in the team (Oke et al., 2016). The job role of a shaper is often very challenging and dynamic. It is a responsibility, which comes with a lot of pressure and obstacles. There is an inherent requirement of courage and sense of overcoming the difficulties in terms of conducting this job role. A shaper generally ensures the fluidity in the workplace (Oke et al., 2016). The shapers are basically problem solvers in a team. These job roles is about manipulating and arguing with the other team members (Oke et al., 2016). According to various studies, people in this job role often hurt and offend people in the process of performing their job role. An ardent quality of the leadership is about engaging with the sub-ordinates in a proper way (Rego et al., 2016). The approach of a leader depends on various factors like qualification, their commitment, capabilities, patience and values (Rego et al., 2016). However, leading an older group of subordinates becomes more difficult. As the older employees are more experienced, it becomes difficult to maintain a command over them (Rego et al., 2016). Therefore, these situations should be handled with extreme care and sincerity. There are instances of untenable relationships between a young leader and his older-subordinates (Chi, Maier, Gursoy, 2013). A young leader should maintain certain principles and methods to maintain the discipline in a workplace. If I would have been a team leader, leading older people I would have adopted certain strategies in order to help the team perform better. As a leader it is important to plan an entire project properly. The leader should try to conduct a process of building relationships between him and his subordinates through projects (Chi, Maier, Gursoy, 2013). First of all the leader needs to make an outline of the possibilities of outcomes of certain actions. I would have adopted democratic process of decision making by allowing complete participation. As a leader, I would have distributed responsibilities among the experienced employees in order to utilise their years of hard work. I would have provided the right amount of support to the subordinates and help them to remain focused for better outcomes. I would have encouraged them to be more consistent in terms of work. I would have built a good relationship with them which would make them their favourite go to person in the workplace. The primary initiative to work with the older people in a project as a leader should be active listening. It is a fact that a good leader is not arrogant rather he should believe in acceptance (Owens Hekman, 2016). Accepting ideas and suggestions from the older people will not build a relationship of trust and value between the subordinates and the leader but this will also make future prospects of the organisation better than before. I as a leader would like to learn from my senior subordinates. Their experiences will be useful for me in the work. However, this display of respect will make a more humble of image the leader in their eyes (Owens Hekman, 2016). Acknowledging their ideas would make them appreciate the leader. Young leaders should try and invest enough time with his experienced team and build a personal relationship with the members of the team (Bakar McCann, 2014). As a young leader, one should display the concern about his subordinates by knowing him and his family issues closely. All these sessions of conversations can help to understand and work with these experienced workers in a proper way (Owens Hekman, 2016). I will be able to understand the approach by which I should deal with certain employees. This helps me to understand their work commitments and focus towards work. A young leader brings a lot of new things to the table. However, these new ideas and philosophies often create problems in a team. Especially in case of experienced employees, this instances of disagreement with new ideas of work culture and ethos have created sever problems (Martin et al., 2016). To overcome such issues, as a leader I would like to combine old ideas with new (Chiu, Owens, Tesluk, 2016). This combination of tradition and innovation can be fruitful for any team which consists of a young leader and older team members (Chiu, Owens, Tesluk, 2016). The combination will not only make the team members more comfortable, this would also help in fastening the work and provide better production results in the near future. The sole motto of a young leader should be earning respect from the subordinates. In case of older team members it becomes a challenge for the leader to achieve respect from the workers (Zacher Gielnik, 2014). I feel that a young leader should be less authoritative and friendlier. He should be strict at times when required but otherwise should be more collaborative in his efforts. The generational differences should be embraced and enough gratitude should be shown to them to earn proper respect (Zacher Gielnik, 2014). Everybody should be treated as equals in a team as this helps in building up stronger bonds. Conclusion This essay is subdivided into three important parts. The first part is written from the point of view of an employee about the empowerment policies. The second part is about the role of an individual in a team performance. And the third one is about the role of a leader in a team consisting of more experienced team members. The first part is written from the perspective of an employee. The employee empowerment has been a growing phenomenon in the business. It has a number of benefits which elevates the productivity of the company. As the employees are allowed to take more responsibilities on their shoulders and allowed to be part of the decision making process, it makes the employees more comfortable. The employee empowerment helps in the reduction of cost, betterment of services and initiates change in a company. All these three benefits is extremely important for a company to survive excel in the market. The second part thoroughly discusses about the team roles which are important for the teams good performance. This includes the Belmin model of various job functions in a team. This part mentions the team roles like Planter (creative person), investigator of the resources, co-ordinator, team worker, shaper, evaluator, specialist, complete finisher and the implementer. This part of the essay emphasises on the team role of the shaper. The shaper is important as he is responsible for creating a structure out of unorganised information and ideas. This challenging role is sometimes not appreciated because of its provocative nature. However, this role in the team is more instrumental in driving through the obstacles and challenges. The third part of the essay explores a situation of a young leader and his experienced subordinates. This part is a complete discussion about how a young leader can work hard to collaborate properly with his tem. It is important for the young leader to pay enough respect to his senior. It is important to listen to them and making them part of the decision making process. Blending of traditional and innovative ideas in the work culture can also be marked as a significant step in these kinds of working conditions. References Abd-El-Salam, E. M., Shawky, A. Y., El-Nahas, T., Nawar, Y. S. (2013). The relationship among job satisfaction, motivation, leadership, communication, and psychological empowerment: An Egyptian case study.SAM Advanced Management Journal,78(2), 33. Allen, J. A., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Sands, S. J. (2016). Meetings as a positive boost? How and when meeting satisfaction impacts employee empowerment.Journal of Business Research,69(10), 4340-4347. Appelbaum, S. H., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., Quelch, K. (2014). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the consequent success or failure-Part I.Industrial and commercial training,46(7), 379. Appelbaum, S. H., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., Quelch, K. (2015). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the consequent success or failure (Part II).Industrial and Commercial Training,47(1), 23-30. Bakar, H. A., McCann, R. M. (2014). Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisorsubordinate relationships and workplace attitudes.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,41, 1-16. Chi, C. G., Maier, T. A., Gursoy, D. (2013). Employees perceptions of younger and older managers by generation and job category.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, 42-50. Chiu, C. Y. C., Owens, B. P., Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and utilizing shared leadership in teams: The role of leader humility, team proactive personality, and team performance capability. Chrobot-Mason, D., Aramovich, N. P. (2013). The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity.Group Organization Management,38(6), 659-689. Driskell, T., Driskell, J. E., Burke, C. S., Salas, E. (2017). Team Roles: A Review and Integration.Small Group Research, 1046496417711529. Elnaga, A. A., Imran, A. (2014). The Impact of Employee Empowerment on Job Satisfaction Theoretical Study.American Journal of Research Communication,2(1), 13-26. Eubanks, D. L., Palanski, M., Olabisi, J., Joinson, A., Dove, J. (2016). Team dynamics in virtual, partially distributed teams: optimal role fulfillment.Computers in Human Behavior,61, 556-568. Fernandez, S., Moldogaziev, T. (2015). Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the US Federal Bureaucracy: A self-determination theory perspective.The American review of public administration,45(4), 375-401. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., Epitropaki, O. (2016). LeaderMember exchange (LMX) and performance: A Meta?Analytic review.Personnel Psychology,69(1), 67-121. Mostert, N. M. (2015). Belbinthe way forward for innovation teams.Innovation,1. Namasivayam, K., Guchait, P., Lei, P. (2014). The influence of leader empowering behaviors and employee psychological empowerment on customer satisfaction.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(1), 69-84. Oke, A. E., Olatunji, S. O., Awodele, A. O., Akinola, J. A., Kuma-Agbenyo, M. (2016). Importance of team roles composition to success of construction projects.International Journal of Construction Project Management,8(2), 141. Oke, A. E., Olatunji, S. O., Awodele, A. O., Akinola, J. A., Kuma-Agbenyo, M. (2016). Importance of team roles composition to success of construction projects.International Journal of Construction Project Management,8(2), 141. Omar, M., Hasan, B., Ahmad, M., Yasin, A., Baharom, F., Mohd, H., Darus, N. M. (2016, August). Towards a balanced software team formation based on Belbin team role using fuzzy technique. In F. A. A. Nifa, M. N. M. Nawi, A. Hussain (Eds.),AIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1761, No. 1, p. 020082). AIP Publishing. Owens, B. P., Hekman, D. R. (2016). How does leader humility influence team performance? Exploring the mechanisms of contagion and collective promotion focus.Academy of Management Journal,59(3), 1088-1111. Rego, A., Owens, B., Yam, K. C., Bluhm, D., Cunha, M. P. E., Silard, A., ... Liu, W. (2017). Leader Humility and Team Performance: Exploring the Mediating Mechanisms of Team PsyCap and Task Allocation Effectiveness.Journal of Management, 0149206316688941. Rizwan, M., Mukhtar, A. (2014). Preceding to employee satisfaction and turnover intention.International Journal of Human Resource Studies,4(3), 87. Ruch, W., Gander, F., Platt, T., Hofmann, J. (2016). Team roles: Their relationships to character strengths and job satisfaction.The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-10. Zacher, H., Gielnik, M. M. (2014). Organisational age cultures: The interplay of chief executive officers age and attitudes toward younger and older employees.International Small Business Journal,32(3), 327-349.

Auditor Independence Revisited

Questions: 1.Discuss the importance of maintaining the independence in conducting an audit? 2.Identify the threats to the auditors independence in the above case and suggest how these threats might be mitigated? Answers: 1. The main rationale of an audit is to offer company shareholders with a proficient, self-sufficient view regarding if the yearly accounts of the corporation reveal a correct and reasonable view of the fiscal situation of the corporation and if they can be trusted. Independence is the major way through which an auditor shows that he can carry out his job in an objective way (Reynold, Deis, and Francis, 2014). The auditor has to be independent from the customer corporation, in order that the audit estimation will not be persuaded by any link among them (Umar and Anandarajan, 2014). The necessity for independence comes up because in a lot of cases consumers of financial reports and different third parties do not have adequate details or understanding to know what is enclosed in a companys yearly reports. Therefore, they trust the auditors independent review (Gul, Jaggi and Krishnan, 2010). By Sally becoming the CFO, she can influence the opinion of auditors on whether the financial reports of the corporation are properly made or not. As Sally hosted the dinner, there has been non-appearance of independent acts. It is necessary that the auditor not only performs independently, however appears independent also. In case an auditor is actually independent, however one or additional aspects propose otherwise, this could possibly bring about the ending that the audit report does not signify an accurate and reasonable analysis. Independence in appearances will lessen the chance for an auditor to proceed otherwise than independently, which finally attaches trustworthiness to the audit report (Paterson and Valencia, 2011). 2. Since Sally has taken the post of Financial Controller in this year at Madeira 3 of the threats, are: Self-interest hazard: This is a hazard due to a monetary or different self-interest clash, together with a straight or oblique monetary interest in the customer, reliance on the customers audit or non-audit charge, and inspiration to keep hold of the customer. So as to safeguard its future earnings, Madeira audit team will attempt to keep hold of their customers. Instinctively, the more the earnings, the further reliant will the auditors are on the customers, and the more will be the requirement to hold on to them. To keep hold of these clients, the auditing team of Madeira will be hesitant to act in a manner that would harmfully influence the clients interest, although this might mean sacrifice of their own independence. Support and acquaintance threat: This means a threat mostly caused by continuous successive auditing jobs, specifically, auditor term, with the single client. As per Blay and Geiger (2012), the more period of time the auditors carry out auditing for the single clients, the further impairment is to auditors independence. This impairment is because of below reasons: Eventually, an auditor is prone to recognize and perform like the managements believer for the consumers situation more willingly than as an exterior auditor necessary to keep up a sceptical viewpoint. Eventually, an auditor will face a conviction determination condition, that is, a propensity to adhere to one's preliminary conviction even if he gets latest information that opposes or de-validates the source of that trust. An auditor will attempt to keep hold of a business for the continuing task to cover the auditors start-up expenses spent throughout the primary-year job. Therefore, the auditor might be easygoing with the client (Anandarajan, Kleinman and Palmon, 2008). Intimidation threat: This is usually set as per the type of the auditing procedure, wherein the client chooses the auditor and decides the extent of the audit. References Anandarajan, A., Kleinman, G. and Palmon, D. (2008). Auditor independence revisited: The effects of SOX on auditor independence. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 5(2), pp.112-125. Blay, A. and Geiger, M. (2012). Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence: Evidence from Going Concern Reporting Decisions*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), pp.579-606. Gul, F., Jaggi, B.L. and Krishnan, G.V. (2010). Auditor independence: evidence on the joint effects of auditor tenure and nonaudit fees. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 26 (2), 117142. Paterson, J.S. and Valencia, A. (2011). The effects of recurring and nonrecurring tax, audit-related, and other nonaudit services on auditor independence. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28 (5), 1510-1536. Reynold, J.K., Deis, D.R. and Francis, J.R. (2014). Professional service fees and auditor objectivity. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 23 (1), 2952. Umar, A. and Anandarajan, A. (2014). Dimensions of pressures faced by auditors and its impact on auditors independence. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19 (1), 99-116.