As Faith Community Nurses ( Fcns ), We Advocate For The...

As Faith Community Nurses (FCNs), we advocate for the disable person. Knowing key resources for the members of our community will contribute to the success of our service. Thus, Internet is a tool used by the FCN to search and find organizations, get information on who they advocate for, know their mission and vision, contact individuals on the organization, and discuss concerns regarding individualized cases. Two advocacy websites called my attention when reviewing them in depth: The Center for Independent Living of South Florida, Inc. (CILSF) and the Victim Response, Inc. The CILSF is a private, non-profit organization and the majority of the staff and Board of Directors are people experiencing disabilities too. This organization was formed in 1993 due to the amazing amount of individuals with disabilities after hurricane Andrew. It is located at 4770 Biscayne Blvd., Miami, FL 33137; its phone number is (305) 751-8025; and its website is http://www.cilsf.org/. There are other offices in North Miami Beach and in Coral Gables. Five core areas shape the foundation of their services: Individual and systems advocacy, peer support, independent living skills training, and information and referral. The CILSF’s mission is â€Å"Empowering people with disability to reach their highest level of achievement. Advocating for systems change that results in access choice, equality, inclusion, integration, and independence (The Center for Independent, 2016).† The consumers, their families, and

Hamlet By William Shakespeare An Insight Into Human...

Hamlet is one of the key plays that gives the audience an insight into human character. Shakespeare chooses to focus on the influence of people’s emotions on their actions, rather than their rationality. In the play, the melancholic prince, Hamlet, chooses to revenge on his uncle for having murdered his father in order to assume the throne and marry Prince Hamlet’s mother. Although the plot is simplistic, it shows how Hamlet undergoes considerable emotionality before exacting his supposed revenge. Traditionally, Hamlet is characterized by audiences as a hero because of the sympathy that his situation attracts. However, a deeper analysis reveals Hamlet as a selfish and immature person whose death is necessary in order to bring direction to existence. To begin with, Hamlet faces significant difficulties that ignite to question life and seek to understand death as well as human character. When he learns of the ghost’s message, he is surprised at the selfishness and materialism that can overwhelm a person. One thing that the audience instantly notices about Hamlet is the idea that he chooses to make people focus on external things other than himself. In this sense, it becomes difficult to learn of his inverted immaturity. Unlike other characters who interact at the human level, Hamlet is indifferent to the existence of other things apart from his intellect. Such indifference shows when Hamlet meets Horatio. Even though Horatio is a hearty person, Hamlet confronts him with hisShow MoreRelatedThe Plays of William Shakespeare681 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare’s Plays William Shakespeare, a British playwright and poet, is born in 1564. The exact day is not known. Shakespeare is baptized on April 25, so they say his birthday is April 23, 1564 (Boyce, Shakespeare). As an infant, he survives the plague that kills tons of people living near him. He is the son of John and Mary Arden Shakespeare. â€Å"His father is a prosperous and prominent tradesman, bailiff, and alderman, who suffered a decline in fortune and prestige† (Burt, Shakespeare). His father ranRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology is a combination of studies regarding human behavior and mental characteristics observed within all individuals. Author’s such as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. 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A play written by William Shakespeare has stood the test of time and sparked manyRead MoreFactors Contributing to Shakespeares Hamlet Being a Great Play1203 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Hamlet Being a Great Play William Shakespeares Hamlet, through the heroism and nobility of its hero, his superior power of insight into, and reflection upon, his situation, and his capacity to suffer the moral anguish which moral responsibility brings, is considered one of the greatest pieces of literature ever written. Throughout the play, Hamlet, through both soliloquies and actions, displays these characteristics, which make Hamlet suchRead MoreHamlet And The Basic Human Need For Truth1478 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet and the Basic Human Need for Truth Marcus Aurelius is quoted as saying, â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.† This idea is examined in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, a play full of warmly delivered lies and completely intentional deceit. Hamlet himself shows how a life full of lies and deceit breeds a desire for something real. In the beginning of the play, authenticity is introduced as a rare trait and the Ghost reveals treacheryRead MoreEssay on Perception of Women in William Shakespeares Hamlet1309 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in William Shakespeares Hamlet In Hamlet, Shakespeare carefully represents Getrude and Ophelia. Individually, Gertrude is essentially seen as weak and immoral whilst Ophelia is seen as meek and a victim of society. Collectively, they are seen to fulfil a conventional 16th century role, and it is as our beliefs and views of women change that we are able to perceive the characters in a different angle. At the beginning of the play, we get a very biased insight intoRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. The ghost reveals to Hamlet that its murderer was his brother Claudius, who then rapidly wedded his widowed queen, Gertrude. As a result, the ghost presses Hamlet to seek vengeanceRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagest With underlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides that the time for revenge is at hand in an insightfulRead MoreEssay on The Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe Character of Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play Some critics have stated that the appeal of Hamlet to the audience is his many human weaknesses, the most notable being his indecision. His deliberations and procrastinations are particularly high-lighted when he is faced with the task of revenge. The law and Christianity, around the early seventeenth century, were clear in condemning personal revenge as an attempt by man to arrogate the prerogatives of God. Hamlet’sRead MoreThe Characterization Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1009 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet’s (1601) theatrical power propagates from its timeless rendering of the human condition. William Shakespeare illustrates a sympathetic protagonist caught between the tensions of Renaissance and traditional ethics, who suffers due to the fundamental ignorance of individuals to the truth by the facade of deceit and theatricality. Correspondingly, director and critic Nicholas Hytner summarises, â€Å"†¦at the center of the play is a man desperately concerned with the nature of truth and desperately

Comparison of Object Oriented and Structured Programming free essay sample

Object-oriented programming is the predominant paradigm in the software development world. Thus, it is important to understand how object-oriented programming works. One useful exercise may be to compare and contrast object-oriented programming to more traditional structured programming. I will do just that in this essay. We will review some history, give a brief overview of both paradigms, and discuss how they are similar and different. First it’s important to understand the history of these methodologies. Structured programming is itself an improvement of a more primitive paradigm. As the first computers gave way to more powerful systems in the 50s and 60s, the programs that ran on them became more complex. The Goto statement became very common, as it allowed additional flexibility by transferring control to different parts of a program. However, the overuse of the Goto statement resulted in programs becoming so convoluted as to be unreadable by even expert programmers. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Object Oriented and Structured Programming or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such tangled logical sequences became known as â€Å"spaghetti code. † Computer scientists recognized a need for order, and structured programming was the result. They rejected the Goto statement, and instead proposed the three basic control structures that we still use today: sequence, selection, and iteration. They also advocated grouping data into structures the use of subroutines that receive and output data. A closely related subset is Procedural Programming, which incorporates the idea of modularity: creating independent, reusable pieces of code that perform specific functions. The process these computer scientists were engaged in is known as abstraction. Abstraction allows us to add a layer of conceptual meaning to more concrete details. It allows the human mind to better grasp what the program is actually doing. The overall result of this abstraction was improved readability and simplicity of code. With that in mind, we can see that object oriented programming takes abstraction a step further. The object oriented methodology started to be developed around the same time as procedural programming methods, however it took much longer to become the dominant paradigm. Where procedural programming emphasize organizing code based on program flow and logic, object-oriented programming emphasizes the data itself. A brief description of object-oriented programming follows. As I said earlier, OO programming adds another layer of abstraction to our programming methodology. It is a conceptual framework first and foremost, and at its core is the concept of the â€Å"object. † An object can be made to resemble any real world object, such as a person or a bicycle. Just like any real world object, objects in programming languages such as Java have attributes (state) and actions (behavior). These objects are defined by classes, which are templates that define the data and methods an object has. Another key concept in OO programming is the idea of encapsulation. Encapsulation describes the desired goal of related grouping data and methods into objects, as well as the goal of hiding the inner workings of an object from the â€Å"outside. † This is accomplished by creating interfaces to allow other objects to access an object’s data and methods. This framework leads to very different implementation of code, as any programmer who has made the switch from C/C++ to Java knows. The sequential, step-by-step system is replaced by a more dynamic one. To newcomers it may appear more confusing, however, proponents of OO programming claim it actually results in cleaner, simpler and more reliable code. The conceptual framework is closer to how humans think, and thus may help us write better instructions for our â€Å"computation machines. † It’s important to note a few things. One misconception is that object-oriented programming is more advanced than structured or procedural programming. This is not true. Although it didn’t become prominent until the 1990s, computer scientists were incorporating object-oriented features into new programming languages, as early as the 60s. Such as ALGOL 60 and Simula. Another point to be made is that terms such as â€Å"structured†, â€Å"procedural†, and â€Å"imperative,† do not have same definition depending on who you talk to. And none of these techniques are mutually exclusive. Object oriented programming does not stand apart from Structured or Procedural programming; in fact, it incorporates and expands upon the same principles that it’s predecessors are based on. A comparison of object-oriented programming with structured programming would turn up many similarities.

The Concept and Process of Training and Development

Introduction Employees in an organization learn new skills and knowledge for both personal and organizational benefits. Training and development provides the same outcome using different methods. Managers in the organization use development and training to improve on the employee’s performance through learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept and Process of Training and Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences between the concept of training and development Training is a process used by organizations to improve employee performance and to help them learn new information. Trainings are organized and they usually cover specific topics as planned by the management. Workshops and seminars are some of the events used for group trainings. Training enables people to improve on knowledge and skills and to learn new ideas that improve effectiveness in the workplace (Craig, 1996, p.996). A good training provides useful information that contributes to the development of skills and knowledge used in the workplace. Ideas leant in training are useful in improvement of job performance. Through concept learning and presentation, training improves workplace behaviors and enhances skill development. Development on the other hand is the process used by organizations to create and sustain change in the workplace. It is a systematic process because it seeks to improve on the already working employees. Example of employee development is when an experienced employee helps a new employee to go about a specific job. A manager may decide to coach new employees on the job s/he wants done. Development in the workplace is evident when employees in an organization decide to rotate job responsibilities with the aim of learning more. It involves the process used by employees to gain more experience in the workplace. The main difference between the concept of training and development is t hat development is a broad term, which includes training as a method of encouraging employees. The activities involved in development are different from the activities involved in training.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both development and training give the same results using different methods. For example, if a manager wants to improve the employee’s ability to work with an accounting package, training is the appropriate thing to do. The manager may want the same employee to understand another job in a different department. To achieve this, the manager will apply development using job rotation. Training and development use different periods because training focuses on current issues where employees learn new skills and abilities that help them to perform their jobs. Development on the other hand prepares employees in an organization for future responsibilities and it may take a longer period. The process of a performance improvement plan A performance improvement plan is a process used by the management and the supervisors to help individuals improve on their behavior in the workplace. Supervisors, through performance improvement plan, identify behavior and performance issues that need to be improved and then writes a plan to guide on the corrective and improvement actions. Documentation of employee’s performance Employee performance documentation opens the process where the supervisor usually does documentation and s/he identifies the areas that need improvement. Documentation provides examples and facts that clarify specific areas that need correction and improvement. Action plan The second step in the process of the process is for the supervisor to develop an action plan. The action plan gives improvement details and it includes specific objectives and goals. Smart goals are the objectives included in the action plan by the supervi sors and such goals should be relevant and accurate. Review on the performance improvement plan Before meeting with employees, supervisors, after preparing the performance improvement plan, should meet with managers to review the document. The supervisor can either review the plan with the human resource professional or the manager. The manager or the human resource professional acts as a third party and s/he is supposed to ensure that the document is clear, reasonable and can be accomplished within the stipulated time. Meeting with employee The supervisor holds a meeting with the affected employees to discuss about the document. The work of a supervisor in this stage is to show employees areas that need improvement and to lay out the action plan. After discussion, the supervisor may modify the action plan based on the feedback given by the employee, before they both sign the form.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept and Process of Training and Develop ment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Progress The supervisor and the employee should have follow up meetings, which may be held monthly or weekly depending on their agreement. During the meetings, the employee gets an opportunity to ask questions and they both document and discuss the progress towards the objectives. It is the duty of the supervisor to make sure that the necessary tools needed by the employee are available. Conclusion Conclusion of the performance improvement plan depends with the employee’s action. In case the employee refuses or is unable to improve, the employer closes the performance improvement plan and termites the employment. However, if the results are positive whereby an employee is in a position to achieve the specified goals, the employer concludes the improvement plan and the employee can go on with his/her work. How the results of a performance improvement plan determine training needs for employe es Results of the performance improvement plan can be either positive or negative. Negative results show that the employee does not improve because he or she refuses to commit to the performance improvement plan. In such a scenario, the incrimination rests not on the organization but on the employee. Other results may show that the employee has shown some improvement but has not been able to achieve some objectives in the action plan. The supervisor and the management then seek to know why the employee has not achieved the objectives within the timeline and determine how to help the employee to improve on the same. The supervisor may decide to add more time for the employee to meet the objectives if the employee has tried his/her best but is unable to meet one or several objectives. If the supervisor determines that the employee is trying the hardest but cannot be able to achieve the objectives because of lack of training, the management and the human resource professional concludes that the employee needs more training and that the cause of the poor performance is lack of training. If several employees are unable to achieve specific objectives, then it means that the employees need more training in specific areas. Conclusion Both training and development are important in organizations because they help employees to improve and learn. The use of performance improvement plan helps the management to determine the training needs for the employees. The results of performance improvement plan expose weakness of the employees, which guides an organization on what to do.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Craig, R. (1996). The ASTD Training and Development Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development. USA: McGraw-Hill. This essay on The Concept and Process of Training and Development was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Fact-packed Email Subject

The Fact-packed Email Subject The Fact-packed Email Subject The Fact-packed Email Subject By Michael For important email messages, try to see how much content you can get into your subject line. I dont mean you should try to see how long a subject line you can write 60 or 80 characters should be the maximum. No, but sometimes you want to get your message across through the subject line alone, so the recipient can get the urgent news even before reading the whole message. For example, if youre organizing a Toastmasters meeting, try something like, Tech-Talk Toastmasters, Friday noon, Jims Restaurant. But you say, If I put too much in the subject, nobody will read the rest of the email. Then make it Fridays Toastmasters meeting agenda. What subject line do you use when cold-calling, or sending an email to someone who doesnt expect it? Use specific details that a spammer wouldnt. For example, If you want to discuss a new paint thinner with a professional painter in your rainy town of Oakhurst, use an email subject such as Better paint thinner for Oakhurst humidity. If youre contacting someone upon the recommendation of someone elses, put the recommenders name in the subject line. Even if the email is unsolicited, the details are authentic enough, and the product benefits are real enough, that your subject line may convince the painter to open the email. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsThe Uses of â€Å"The†

A Guide to Socratic Ignorance

A Guide to Socratic Ignorance Socratic ignorance refers, paradoxically, to a kind of knowledge–a person’s frank acknowledgment of what they don’t know.  It is captured by the well-known statement: â€Å"I know only one thing–that I know nothing.†Ã‚  Paradoxically, Socratic ignorance is also referred to as Socratic wisdom. Socratic Ignorance in Plato's Dialogues This sort of humility regarding what one knows is associated with the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BCE) because he is portrayed displaying it in several of Plato’s dialogs.  The clearest statement of it is in the Apology, the speech Socrates gave in his defense when he was prosecuted for corrupting the youth and impiety.  Socrates recounts how his friend Chaerephon was told by the Delphic oracle that no human was wiser than Socrates.  Socrates was incredulous since he didn’t consider himself wise.  So he set about trying to find someone wiser than himself.  He found plenty of people who were knowledgeable about specific matters such as how to make shoes, or how to pilot a ship.  But he noticed that these people also thought that they were similarly expert about other matters too when they clearly were not.  He eventually drew the conclusion that in one sense, at least, he was wiser than others in that he did not think he knew what he did not in fact know.  In short, he was aware of his own ignorance. In several other of Plato’s dialogs, Socrates is shown confronting someone who thinks they understand something but who, when questioned rigorously about it, turns out not to understand it at all.  Socrates, by contrast, admits from the outset that he does not know the answer to whatever question is being posed.   In the Euthyphro, for instance, Euthyphro is asked to define piety.  He makes five attempts, but Socrates shoots each one down.  Euthyphro, however, does not admit that he is as ignorant as Socrates; he simply rushes off at the end of the dialog like the white rabbit in Alice in Wonderland, leaving Socrates still unable to define piety (even though he is about to be tried for impiety). In the Meno, Socrates is asked by Meno if virtue can be taught and responds by saying that he doesn’t know because he doesn’t know what virtue is.  Meno is astonished, but I turn out that he is unable to define the term satisfactorily. After three failed attempts, he complains that Socrates has benumbed his mind, rather as a stingray numbs its prey.  He used to be able to speak eloquently about virtue, and now he can’t even say what it is.  But in the next part of the dialog, Socrates shows how clearing one’s mind of false ideas, even if it leaves one in a state of self-confessed ignorance, is a valuable and even necessary step if one is to learn anything.  He does this by showing how a slave boy can only solve a mathematical problem once he has recognized that the untested beliefs he already had were false. The Importance of Socratic Ignorance This episode in the Meno highlights the philosophical and historical importance of Socratic ignorance.  Western philosophy and science only get going when people begin to question dogmatically help beliefs.  The best way to do this is to start out with a skeptical attitude, assuming one is not certain about anything.  This approach was most famously adopted by Descartes (1596-1651) in his Meditations. In actual fact, it is questionable how feasible it is to maintain an attitude of Socratic ignorance on all matters.  Certainly, Socrates in the ​Apology doesn’t maintain this position consistently.  He says, for instance, that he is perfectly certain that no real harm can befall a good man.  And he is equally confident that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living.†

Training and Development in Food & Beverage Dissertation

Training and Development in Food & Beverage - Dissertation Example In this current business environment, various factors have direct influence over the operations and entire performance of an organisation. The prior reason behind the establishment of any businesses is to sell maximum products and/or services to the customers with the prime intention of earning high revenue. In this regard, it becomes quite crucial and important for the organisations to effectively manage and utilise the various resources in an efficient manner for maintaining the economies of scale in their respective operations. In the current scenario of increasing level of globalisation and business market competition, the organisations tend to effective manage their internal practice and desire to provide exceptional products and/or services in the dynamic business environment. This particular scenario has certainly led the organisations to carry out their different activities in a well and integrated manner with forming as well as preserving well-built contractual relationship amid the workforce. The performance of any business is highly dependent on how efficiently the organisations are involved in producing goods and/or services to satisfy the customers. Thus, placing required number of workforce does not led towards ensuring the succession of the business (Saks, 2010). In relation to the above context, the workforce should remain efficient in terms of their skills and necessary responsibilities that have been assigned to them. In this regard, appropriate and regular training along with development are necessary.

Virture according to Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virture according to Aristotle - Essay Example These components are a person’s passion, faculty and state of character. However, amongst the 3 components, Aristotle has only identified moral virtues with the state of character. The state of character can be believed as complex inclinations or personalities to behave and feel in certain ways under certain conditions (Payne). A person’s appetite can be linked to his desire. The higher his appetite or desire, the more he would likened to be aiming for that goal or vision. This is the reversely proportional to a person with a lower appetite (Aristotle & Ross, p. 20-21). A person can be said that he is born with the potential of being morally virtuous. But for that person to be one, he should be trained on doing what is right to be truly virtuous even as an adult. Virtue is learned by constant practice and not just simply keeping it in mind. It should be shown to others rather than be kept in one’s head (Aristotle & Ross, p. 20-21). Virtue is a person’s disposition to perform the right way. In practical circumstance, there is an absence of rules. Right conduct can only be witnessed in some sort of mean in extremes which are deficiencies and excess. Between the feelings of fear and confidence, courage is the mean of the two. Aristotle stated that: â€Å"Of the people who exceed, he who exceeds in fearlessness has no name (many of the states has no name), while the man who exceeds in confidence is rash, and he who exceeds in fear and falls short in confidence is courage† (Aristotle & Ross, p. 28). Vices according to Aristotle are the bad characters of a person (IEP.Com). It can be concluded that virtues and vices are connected with the same things. They are being driven by the same factors. Virtue is the positive effects of these factors while the vice is the negative

Starbucks in China Essay Example for Free

Starbucks in China Essay Why did Starbucks fail in the Forbidden City? Zane lee (Ziang Li) ESLI PMP Why did Starbucks fail in the Forbidden City? Introduction Nowadays, economic globalization is becoming an irreversible tendency; therefore, different multinational corporations always want to extend their branches to other countries, especially for the food companies, such as, McDonald’s, Starbucks, and Burger King. In recent years, the world has also witnessed that China’s economy has developed to a higher level since China has reformed and opened for more than 30 years. According to Lardy, in the middle of 1990s, China had become one of the largest world’s trading nations (Lardy, 1995, p.1). Now, Chinese customers have more desire and abilities to enjoy western food. Therefore, many multinational food corporations, such as, Starbucks, KFC, and Krispy Kreme, want to enter in Chinese market, and these companies treat China as an emerging market because of the development of Chinese economy and consumption ability. However, China has thousands years of history, and its market situation is complicated. It is hard for western companies to be adapted to the situation. Now, some western food companies, to some extent, have achieved success in China, such as, Starbucks, KFC, and McDonald’s. There were also many companies, such as Dunkin, Krispy Kreme, and Burger King failed in China (Rein, 2012). Starbucks is one of the few that has successfully entered the Chinese market, but it is still facing many challenges, and it also failed in the most traditional areas in China, such as in the Forbidden City. In the past ten years, Starbucks has achieved much success in general business areas in China. Starbucks is an international coffee retailers which was founded in the early of 1970s in Seattle, U.S. It sells both a variety of coffee and other related beverages all over the world (Marketline, 2012, pp.3-4). Starbucks entered in Chinese market in 1999 (Wang, 2012, para.3). As the Trefils team (2012) shows that with the development of Starbucks, â€Å"Starbucks has successfully opened more than 570 stores in 48 cities since it first entered China twelve years ago. Building on this momentum, it plans to open 1500 stores by 2015† (Trefils team, 2012). To achieve the succe ss,  Starbucks’ marketing strategies have exerted a big influence in this process. According to Rein (2012), Starbucks introduced â€Å"coffee experience shop† to give customers an opportunity to experience Starbucks’ culture, and Starbucks developed some tea-flavor coffee to be adapted to Chinese flavor. Moreover, Starbucks chose wonderful shop location to promote its brand image and avoided using advertising or promotions to make direct conflicts with the Chinese tea culture. Furthermore, Starbucks also collaborates with local companies to spread Starbucks’ business and to reduce Starbucks’ cost (Rein, 2012). Through taking these strategies, Starbucks, to some degree, has overcame the challenges from both the traditional culture and the local competitors, such as U.B.C and Dio Coffee. However, Starbucks still failed in the Forbidden City. According to Netzley, Digantral, Wong, Tan, Hee (2011), at the Yale CEO Leadership Summit (2006), China Central Television’s news compere Chenggang Rui asked Jim that â€Å"Do you have plans to open stores in the Taj Mahai, Versailles, or Buckingham Palace?†. Half year later, Rui posted a blog in Sina blog to against Starbucks’ existence in the Forbidden City, and he thought that Starbucks existed in the Forbidde n City was a kind of erosion for Chinese culture. Even though in 2007, the internet was an infancy in China, it was growing fast. There were tens of thousands of people following Rui’s blog at that time. â€Å"In January 2007, Rui, an experienced media personality from CCTV turned this communication channel on Starbucks. The effort to remove the iconic western brand from the centre of the Forbidden City quickly became global news† (Netzleym, Digantral, Wong, 2006). Several months later, Starbucks closed the coffeehouse in the Forbidden City. By analysing Starbucks’ failure in the Forbidden City, this paper will help Starbucks to know how to control the risks, such as entering in some special areas in China, in the future and help other international companies to understand the Chinese culture. In recent years, Scholars have analysed how Starbucks can achieve success in the general areas in China. For example, Starbucks has two main business strategies: License and Joint Venture (Harrison, Chang, Gauthier, Joerchel, Nevarez, Wang, 2005, p.281), and Starbucks also uses HR strategy, which is offering good salary for staff, to maintain the quality workforce (Zhang, 2009, p.18). Scholars also have discussed some culture factors on cross-culture brand extension. For instance, â€Å"consumer s in several East Asian countries have higher levels  of self-construal. Therefore, the likelihood of brand extension success is expected to be higher in respect of these group† (Henseler, Horvà ¡th, Sarstedt, Zimmermann, 2010, p.8). Even though Starbucks’ marketing strategies made it success in general business areas in China, this does not mean that there is no potential risks for Starbucks in China. Starbucks is still facing challenges in the most traditional areas, such as in the Forbidden City, because the Forbidden City’s imperial culture excludes foreign culture, Chinese people’s nationalism could not accept Starbucks’ existence in the Forbidden City, and Starbucks’ fashion culture contradicts to the Forbidden City’s classic culture. This paper will discuss Starbucks’ failure in the Forbidden City from these three parts. The serious culture shock in the Forbidden City One of the most important reasons why Starbucks failed in the Forbidden City was Starbucks and the Forbidden City had different cultures, and they were different symbolisms. China has five thousand years history, and its traditional culture was handed down by each generation. Nowadays, Chinese traditional culture has exerted a big influence on modern business, especially on multinational companies which have set up business in China but have different cultures with Chinese. If multinational companies want to run their business to be more successful in China, it is necessary for them to understand Chinese traditional culture, especially for the company, like Starbucks, which want to set up its business in the most traditional areas in China. Starbucks’ symbol of western country could not combined with the Forbidden City’s imperial culture The Forbidden City is the symbolism of the imperial culture (Han Zhang, 2009, p.397). According to China. Org (2005), the Forbidden C ity (Imperial Palace) is setting in the center of Beijing, and it is the largest and most complete imperial palace and ancient building group in China. The buildings of Forbidden City was started to be built in 1406 and was finished in 1420. Since Ming dynasty, there had been twenty-four emperors lived and ruled China in this palace (China.org, 2005, para. 1). In the Forbidden City, yellow is the primary, and almost all roofs of buildings were decorated with yellow glazed tiles. During Ming and Qing dynasty, yellow was the color that only emperors could use. This kind of color â€Å"represents the emperor, the central figure of China, and also  represents land, the root and origin of all earthly creatures† (Han Zhang, 2009, p.397). Moreover, in ancient China, besides servants, only the people who had direct relationship with emperor could live in the Forbidden City. Therefore, the Forbidden City can be the symbol of the imperial culture. Starbucks is the symbolism of western culture. Starbucks is American company. Now, drinking coffee in Starbucks coffeehouse has become a normal living style for many American people. Moreover, Starbucks’ branches have spread to all over the world. On the one hand, according to Curtin and Gaither (2009), â€Å"In the eyes of many Chinese people, the image of Starbucks is encoded with a meaning that might convey, like many other western fast food brands which introduced from U.S., ‘America, western value’ in China† (Curtin Gaither, 2007, p.85). On the other hand, in or der to entering in Chinese market, Starbucks has developed its coffee flavours to be adapted to Chinese taste, and Starbucks also sells tea and moon cakes which are the traditional Chinese food in its coffee house (Rein, 2012). These product, to some degree, can implicate traditional culture. The supreme imperial culture of the Forbidden City excludes Starbucks’ culture. The imperial culture is a traditional Chinese culture, and it has thousands years of history. In the ancient time, normal people could not use the stuff that emperor used and also could not enjoy the food that emperor enjoyed, which means that the imperial power was supreme and had the feature of exclusiveness. According to Chiu and Cheng (2007), when Starbucks opened its coffeehouse in the Forbidden City, these traditional Chinese food were also sold in Starbucks Forbidden City Shop, and on the surface of its products, Starbucks still used its English logo (Chiu Cheng, 2007, pp.85-86). As Bzelova shows that moon cakes, which have thousands years of history, are treated as the symbol of family reunion and the round harvest moon. Initially, moon cake was invented by soldier. In Ming dynasty, the mood cake was introduced into the Forbidden City and became a kind of specialized food for emperor at one time (Bzelova, 2013). Another fact is moon cakes are usually yellow. As above mention ed, in the ancient time, only emperor could use the color â€Å"Yellow†. However, Starbucks sold the moon cakes with English logo, it was a kind of contradiction to the traditional Chinese culture. Moreover, the English logo which was painted on the yellow moon cake was a kind of contradiction to the imperial culture. Even though emperor was disappeared  for almost one hundred year and the Forbidden City had also become a tourist attraction, the imperial culture still exist in the Forbidden City, which can be revealed from the Forbidden City’s main color—â€Å"Yellow†. Therefore, selling these products by a foreign company could emerge conflicts to the Forbidden City’s imperial culture, and the imperial culture of the Forbidden City, to some degree, prevented Starbucks to run its business in the Forbidden City. Chinese nationalism could not accept Starbucks in the Forbidden City Chinese people’s nationalism could not accept Starbucks’ existence in the Forbidden City. As Miscevic (2010) defines that â€Å"nationalism† is usually used to describe two phenomena: â€Å"(1) the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or susta in) self-determination† (Miscevic, 2010, p.1). Chinese people’s nationalism has hundreds years of history. In 1840, the first opium war happened in China, and Britain invaded in China by selling opium. For western countries, such as British, Spain, and France, after the first industrial revolution, their industries and economy were developed fast, and their domestic demands could not meet the requirements of their economic development; therefore, many of these countries wanted to invade to other countries to make profits, and China became one of the most important targets for western invaders. After the first opium war, China paid millions of silver for British and France and ceded territory to British. In the following one hundred year, Chinese people had experienced a series of invasions from western countries. Chinese people’s nationalism was set up during these disasters. According to He (2007), even though China is becoming more and more open, and people’s living condition is becoming more and more fortu nate, Chinese people still cannot accept that western culture exceedingly combined with Chinese culture (p.6). As above mentioned that Starbucks can be treated as a symbol of America. Even though in the history, China and America did not have direct conflict, U.S. is still usually treated as the representation of western power because America is one of the biggest and the most powerful country in the world (Cheng, 2012). However, Chinese people usually treat the Forbidden City as the most tradition area, and â€Å"[t]he presence of any foreign brands or products in this place may imply invasion of western culture assisted by western corporate power† (Hang Zhang. 2009, p.398). As these areas were destroyed by western invaders during the war; therefore, it is hard for Chinese people to accept western companies, such as Starbucks, which have strong culture to run its business in the Forbidden City. Starbucks’ fashion contradicts to the Forbidden City’s classic culture The Forbidden City is the symbolism of Chinese classic culture. This symbolism can be experienced from the Forbidden City’s design. According to Han Zhang (2009), â€Å"[t]he design of the Forbidden City, from its overall layout, as laid down in the Classic of Rites (Li ji), to the smallest detail of decoration, has symbolic meaning with underlying philosophical and religious principles† (Han Zhang, 2009, p.397). From Han Zhang’s analysis, we can find that the design of the Forbidden City’s buildings contains profound Chinese culture. As Wang (2010) indicates that â€Å"[t]he calligraphy tablets hung over each main gate and building, although often neglected by visitors, actually are special embodiments of traditional Chinese concepts either well known or maybe unexpected by their readers† (Wang, 2010, p.11). Taking the Confucianism â€Å"Harmony† for example, there are three great front halls in the Forbidden City, their names are â€Å"Hall of Supreme Harmony†, â€Å"Hall of Central Harmonyâ € , and â€Å"Hall of Preserving Harmony†, respectively. In ancient time, the emperor usually believed that he was the son of Heaven. â€Å"His highest goal was established to achieve harmony among Heaven, the Earth and the human being. Thus, harmony was repeatedly emphasized on the tablets to idealize the effectiveness of the court† (Wang, 2010, p.12). This is the one of the traditional cultures that can be found in the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City’s buildings also represent the theory of â€Å"syncretism between heaven and man† and the theory of â€Å"self-discipline and social commitment† (Zi, 1987, p.448). Therefore, the Forbidden City implies many great and profound Chinese classic culture. Starbuck is the symbol of fashion. From the surface of Starbucks, we can find that the meaning of Starbucks is represented by the green logo, â€Å"the fine coffee drinks, music, cozy in-store setting and free Wi-Fi† (Puel, Pons, Jin, 2007, p.2). According to Han and Zhang (2009), Starbucks is making itself to be a widely known brand in China. â€Å"Particularly, Starbucks is targeting affluent Chinese customers as well as the growing middle class, making itself ubiquitous in chic shopping malls†¦. Drinking Starbucks coffee has gradually become fashionable† (Han Zhang, 2009, p.397). Therefore, Starbucks’ fashion culture has deeply rooted in the heart of Chinese customers. Starbucks’ fashion culture contradicts to the Forbidden City’s classic culture. As Cha (2003) indicates that Chinese classic culture is dominated by the Confucianism, and in the Confucianism, â€Å"self-cultivation† is an important thought which means people should keep their bodies to be healthy and through self-reflection to improve their minds to reach an optimal state (Cha, 2003, pp.170-171). From the definition of â€Å"self-cultivation†, we can recognise that Chinese classic culture advocates the importance of having a peaceful living style, the importance of implementing self-discipline, and the importance of keeping on the rails. However, as Harrison (2005) shows that Starbucks’ fashion culture advocates the importance of freedom and the importance of materials (p.281). Therefore, Starbucks’ fashion culture could not combined with Starbucks’ classic culture. Objections Except the cultural factors, media influence is also a cause for Starbucks’ failure in the Forbidden City. In recent years, China’s internet media is developing so fast and is becoming more and more powerful on affecting business. According to Chiu, Lin, and Sliverman (2013), the most popular websites, such as Sina, Tencent, and Netease, are important media for companies to engage in the increasingly affluent online audience, and companies can also use â€Å"social media as a vital source of information for brand and product decisions. China’s social media landscape is a complex environment at huge scale† (Chiu, Lin, Sliverman, 2013, para.3). As above mentioned that Chenggang Rui posted a blog on Sina to against Starbucks. According to Han and Zhang (2009), â€Å"[s]ince September 2006, Sina launched a blogsphere, informally called ‘celebrity blogs (mingren boke),’ where most bloggers are well-known public figures such as performers, artists and writers. Using a ranking system, Sina promotes certain celebrities’ blogs and downplay others† (Han Zhang, 2009, p.397). After Rui posted his blog, his arguments were spread to many places quickly because of the tremendous internet users. â€Å"Without using Sina as platform, Rui’s voice would not have been so well received† (Han Zhang, 2009,  p.397). Therefore, the internet media, to some extent, made influence on Starbucks’ failure in the Forbidden City; however, the cultural problems is still the main cause for Starbucks’ failure because internet media is only a kind of medium for opponents to advocates the cultural problems. Conclusion This article shows the problems that Starbucks had experienced in the Forbidden City and analyses the reasons why Starbucks failed in the Forbidden City. With above mentioned analysis, we can draw a conclusion that Starbucks failed in the Forbidden City because of the serious Chinese culture shock. Even though Starbucks has achieved success in the general business areas in China, it still cannot thoroughly cope with the problem of culture shock in the most traditional areas in China, such as in the Forbidden City. The case that Starbucks failed in the Forbidden City is a good example not only for Starbucks itself but also for other multinational corporations in China to understand how serious the Chinese culture shock is, and Starbucks can also learn from this case to avoid making the same inappropriate decision in the future. References Bezlova, A. (2013). China’s traditional moon cake now a status symbol. Retrieved from http://www.culturebriefings.com/articles/chinmnck.html Cheng, D. (2012). The complicated history of U.S. Relations with China. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/10/the-complicated-history-of-us-relations-with-china Cha, S. H. (2003). Modern Chinese Confucianism: The contemporary neo-Confucian movement and its cultural significance. Social compass, 50(4), 481-491. Chiu, C. Y., Cheng, S. Y. (2007). Toward a social psychology of culture and globalization: Some social cognitive consequences of activating two cultures simultaneously. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 84-100. Curtin, P. A., Gaither, T. K. (2007). International public relations: Negotiating culture, identity and power. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Chiu, C. Lin, D., Sliverman, A. 2013. High influence: China’s social media boom. Retrieved from http://cmsoforum.mckinsey.com/article/high-i nfluence-chinas-social-media-boom

The Zone Diet Versus the Atkins Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Ex

The Zone and Atkins diets aim to achieve lower levels of insulin in the bloodstream. The Zone diet reduces carbohydrates by structuring calorie intake to a 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, 30% fat ratio. The ratio decreases the amount of carbohydrates consumed, inturn lowering overall insulin levels. The Atkins diet also lowers insulin levels by lowering the quantity of carbohydrates ingested. This four phase diet begins with extreme limitation and gradually allows small amounts of carbohydrates. Though these diets implement different approaches they both reduce the insulin levels in the bloodstream. The Zone diet’s main concern is a lifelong optimization of the body’s metabolic function by regulation of levels of insulin in the bloodstream. These insulin levels are largely affected by the types of food consumed. Studies have shown that the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates lead to an increased level of insulin in the bloodstream. This increase in insulin levels is believed to lead to increased hunger and possibly obesity. In order to decrease the levels of insulin in the bloodstream, the Zone diet follows a strict formula of types and amount of food ingested. This one phase diet follows the notion that a diet should have a balance and avoid ketosis, or causing the body to think it is starving. This balance limits meals to a 40-30-30 composition. 40-30-30 means that 40 percent of a meal’s calories should be fiber rich carbohydrates, 30 percent should be low-fat protein, and 30 percent should be fats. Contrary to the Food Pyramid, the Z one diet decreases the amount of carbohydrates and increases the amount of protein. This decrease in carbohydrates lowers the levels of insulin and alth... ... The Zone and Atkins diets share the same main goal to regulate insulin levels in the bloodstream. Each has a unique way of achieving this goal. The Zone diet focuses on a strict calorie intake breakdown of 40% carbohydrates, 30% protein, and 30% fats. This structure of calorie consumption causes a decrease in the amount of carbohydrates ingested. The diet is not only strict in the proportions of the types of food consumed but also requires six precisely spaced Zone meals throughout the day. The Zone diet requires close adherence to guidelines, but the Atkins diet is in ways more flexible. The Atkins diet begins with an extreme limitation of carbohydrates and gradually allows small quantities, but has no other restrictions. Through balance or severe limitation of carbohydrates, the Zone and Atkins diets aim to reduce large insulin levels in the bloodstream.

Fahrenheit 451 Lit. Notebook

Phi Cao Carlin – 1 English IIK 30, January 2013 1. Character: Clarisse Quote: â€Å"I sometimes think drivers don’t know what grass is, or flowers, because they never see them slowly,† she said. â€Å"If you showed a driver a green blur, Oh yes! He’d say, that’s grass! A pink blur! That’s a rose garden! White blurs are houses Brown blurs cows. My uncle drove slowly on a highway once. He drove forty miles an hour and they jailed him for two days. Isn’t that funny and sad too? (1. ) Analysis: As Clarisse and Montag meet for the first time, she asks a series of mysterious questions that no one in the dystopia would ever even think of. The statements and questions display how wise she is and how there are very few people like her in this society that can actually see the enjoyments in life and nature. She attempts to make Montag understand that this world they live in, everything moves so fast, they need to slow down every once in a while and appreciate the simple pleasures in life.Because their society is overtaken by technology they are convinced that it is the only way to make them happy. Quote: â€Å"Are you happy? † (1. 10) By asking a simple question like this, it challenged Montag to think beyond his usual capacity, thinking outside of his normal life. He’s began to have thoughts about his definition of true happiness. He starts to realize he’s not truly happy, that’s why it took him a while to respond to her question. This quote by Clarisse is one of the most important quotes throughout the story.Without this quote, Montag wouldn’t doubt himself about his true happiness. 2. Symbols: Fire Quote: â€Å"We shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out. † (1. 40) Analysis: As the old woman whose house was about to be burned due to her love for books, she screams to Montag about â€Å"Master Ridley† and â⠂¬Å"playing the man. † As the story continues, Beatty reveals to Montag this quote said by a british man named Latimer. After critically thinking Montag learns that there are things in the world hat are worth living and dying for which no one in this society is willing to do. For the woman it symbolizes unyielding strength, determination and dedication. Quote: The fire was gone, then back again, like a winking eye. He stopped, afraid he might blow the fire out with a single breath. But the fire was there and he approached warily, from a long way off. It took the better part of fifteen minutes before he drew very close indeed to it, and then he stood looking at it from cover. That small motion, the white and red color, a strange fire because it meant a different thing to him.It was not burning. It was warming. (3. 145) Analysis: Throughout the whole story Montag saw fire as nothing but destruction and he took pleasure into book burning at the beginning. So now seeing that this flame as a nice warming home for him, it begins to make him question. This small warm-felt fire began to make him see what he’s been so clueless about all along. Burning books wasn’t the solution but the problem. He then reconsiders about what Clarisse said about firemen. What if his job was really to stop burning books and rather than starting them?

Lord of the Flies differences

In Lord of the Flies there are some differences between the â€Å"Castle Rock† at the end of chapter six the Beast from the Air with the beach as it has been described throughout the book so far. The differences are the beach is used for the littluns to play and build sand castles. While the Castle Rock has just been discovered and Jack said, â€Å"What a place for a fort! † meaning that he is thinking about something and will use it as a protection or safe place. Lastly the beach has more resources to offer than the Castle Rock. The Castle Rock is more like a hiding place for them and while the beach is a place for them to stay and occupy. To commence, the Castle Rock and the beach are a place on the island, but the Castle Rock is a place up on the mountain top as Ralph, â€Å"led the way over the rocks inspected a sort of half-cave that held nothing more terrible than a clutch of rotten eggs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  While the beach is where the water pool is and the shelters. The shelters are beside the beach where the boys sleep built by Simon and Ralph and with others that helped out. As William Golding describes the Castle Rock as a place that has â€Å"rotten eggs† meaning things that are not useful and the beach has boys that some stay there not being useful by not helping out the others boys. Furthermore, the beach is where the littluns play and build their sand castles whereas the Rock Castle is just observed and walked by Ralph, Jack and the hunters and this place they are not familiar with. The littluns construct castles and use their imagination, â€Å"round the castle was a complex of marks, tracks, walls, railway lines†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Golding tells the reader that the littluns miss their home so they build these castles to keep their hopes up that there will be a day they will be back home. The Rock Castle is a place that Jack said would be for a fort but Ralph does not like the idea while Jack is so excited and building up ideas as he is at the Rock Castle. The beach is where the boys are comfortable and feel safe but in the Castle Rock they still do not have that comfort level because, â€Å"some of the boys wanted to go back to the beach. Some wanted to roll more rocks. †On the other hand the beach there is fruit that the littluns can reach and eat; they have water, the pool that is supposed to be used as a lavatory, and space where they can play around. But in the Castle Rock like Ralph said â€Å"there’s no food here, and no shelter, not much fresh water,† there are more advantages in the beach than in the Castle Rock because there are more resources for them to use in the beach than on the mountain top. As Golding describes the scene of the Castle Rock is like a very small place and not enough room for things or people to hide, â€Å"because you can see. Nothing goes in or out. † And â€Å"there was nowhere to hide, even if one did not have to go on. † Castle Rock is different than the beach because this is where they believe that the â€Å"beast† has landed. Simon felt a flicker of incredulity, â€Å"a beast that scratched, that sat on a mountain-top, that left no tracks and yet was not fast enough to catch Samneric. † This is what Simon believes a beast would be at, but never thinks it could be at the beach. But is this beast they are talking illusions of human beings acting like the â€Å"beast† or is it really a creature? Because the â€Å"beast could represent themselves but now some of them are getting scared of each other that they think this is the â€Å"beast†. Maybe Jack later on will want the Castle Rock and go live over there because â€Å"Jack was excited! when they had reached Castle Rock therefore given an inference that Jack will want to occupy this place and abandon the beach where mostly the majority has stayed. Last of all, in the island where the boys had been stranded the beach is only there real shelter, water, and fruit for the littluns, the pool for lavatory, for littluns to play, build sand castle, and for the biguns to relax and let the sun tan there skin. Whereas in the Castle Rock it is a place half-cave with â€Å"rotten eggs† as I refer to things that are not useful around just like some of the boys at the beach that are not useful and do not cooperate with the others. The Castle Rock is limited to few things that the beach offers, it has less space, not too much water, and it is more of an area to be a fort. Jack is so excited about this place that he wants to stay there to build a fort, but Ralph does not like the idea because he is a person that thinks long term meaning will or is there enough food, water, and shelter, where Jack is a person that just goes for his needs and thinks only for himself.

What is Theology

What is Theology Scriptural hermeneutics refers to the art of science of scriptural study and interpretation. It is specifically necessary where a certain concept is not obviously clear. Therefore, there is a possibility of ambiguity in the interpretation as one seeks to understand its meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is Theology Faith and Reason in Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case often arises when a several authors of biblical scriptures discuss a certain concept, but their explanation of it appears to conflict with that of other authors (Ricoeur 56). For instance, in the New Testament, the gospels’ account of Christ’s life and teachings can be contradictory, with Mark’s Gospel being the most nonconforming. As a result, such matters and multiple interpretations to similar scriptures result, confusing many Christians in the process. Scriptural hermeneutics offers a solution to th ese paradoxical accounts, as it clarifies the inferred meaning through a general study of all scriptures that address a certain issue and by integrating the scriptural inferences that relate to the matter at hand to give it context. Paul Ricoeur (1913s of differing authors are Paul Lonergan and St. Thomas Aquinas whose works contradicted though similar in some aspects. Both Lonergan and Aquinas speak of a natural desire within every rational human being to gain an understanding of matters or concepts that are only comprehensible when in the presence of God (Lonergan 56).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, whereas both theologians attempt to explain the nature of God’s understanding, Thomas Aquinas in, â€Å"Summa Theologia† approaches this issue with his starting principle as pure actuality, while Lonergan in trying to simplify this concept by in corporating the human way of understanding concepts uses ‘unrestricted infinity’ to explain divine understanding. Lonergan expresses this concept is in his publication, â€Å"The Triune God†. Secondly, Lonergan believes that an analogical understanding of God’s nature as a man that is sufficiently comprehensive can develop into divine understanding. On the other hand, Aquinas introduces an intermediate tier between human and divine understanding, which is angelic understanding (Ricoeur 81). According to Aquinas, angels, whom he represents as disembodied spirits, have a better understanding of divinity than men do. Consequently, for one to graduate to divine understanding per Aquinas, one needs to acquire an angelic understanding prior to achieving divine understanding. Lonergan avoids the use of the faculty of psychology in his works, instead restricting himself to issues like experiencing, understanding and judging. He does this because he believes that t aking a psychological viewpoint would stratify crucial aspects of human nature that need to be in harmony for a person to gain comprehensive knowledge. Aquinas, on the other hand, tends to lean towards psychological aspects. Most of his thoughts are on intelligence and will and how these relate to other concepts. This outlook severs crucial aspects of a person’s complete state of mind thereby curtailing their full understanding of various notions. However, both authors believe in the infinity of God, and that He demonstrates this infinity in all his actions (Doran 45). Therefore, to gain a full understanding of the cause of all things, which is a question that most of mankind is preoccupied with, man needs to start off by understanding God, who is the initial cause, or rather the starting principle of everything on earth as well as beyond. The two differ when it comes to the issue of how to go about the understanding of God. Doran, Robert. The Truth of Theological Understand ing in Divinarum personarum and De Deo Trino, Pars Systematica.Method: Journal of Lonergan Studies 20.1 (2002): 33-75.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is Theology Faith and Reason in Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lonergan, Bernard. Philosophical and Theological Papers 1965-1980. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. Ricoeur, Paul. Philosophie de la Volontà ©. Finitude et culpabilità © II. La symbolique du  mal. Aubier: Parà ­s, 1988. Villaverde, Marcelino. Paul Ricoeur and Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. Santiago: Composite Papers Publishers, 2009.

Joe Biden, Former Vice President of the United States

Joe Biden, Former Vice President of the United States Joe Biden (born Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. on Nov. 20, 1942) is an American politician who represented Delaware in the U.S. Senate for 36 years and ran twice unsuccessfully for the Democratic Partys presidential nomination before being elected vice president in 2008 under Barack Obama. Bidens signature legislative accomplishment is the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, which stepped up prosecution of domestic and sexual violence and enhanced services for victims. Biden is also known for both his oddball sense of humor and his stoic endurance of the tragic deaths of his first wife and two of his children. Fast Facts: Joseph Biden Known For: Vice president of the United States.Born: Nov. 20, 1942, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA.Parents: Catherine Eugenia Finnegan Biden and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.Education: University of Delaware (B.A., history and political science) and Syracuse Law School.Key Accomplishment: The Violence Against Women Act, landmark legislation signed into law in 1994 protecting women from domestic violence and sexual assault.  Spouse: Jill Jacobs Biden, Neilia Biden (deceased).Children: Ashley Jacobs, Hunter Biden, Naomi Amy Biden (deceased), and Joseph Beau Biden III (deceased).Famous Quote: If you do politics the right way, I believe, you can actually make peoples lives better. And integrity is the minimum ante to get into the game. Early Life Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on Nov. 20, 1942, the oldest of four children to Joseph Robinette Biden Sr., a down-on-his-luck used-car salesman, and Catherine Eugenia Finnegan Biden, who was so protective of her firstborn that she told the would-be vice president at a young age: No one is better than you. Everyone is your equal, and everyone is equal to you. Biden, writing in his autobiography Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics, said his mother confronted a seventh-grade nun at the Catholic prep school Archmere Academy who mocked her son for stuttering. If you ever speak to my son like that again, Ill come back and rip that bonnet off your head. Do you understand me? Biden recalled of his mother. Bidens parents moved the family from northern Pennsylvania to Claymont, Delaware, in 1953. He graduated from Archmere Academy in 1961 and entered the University of Delaware. He graduated in 1965 with a double major in political science and history and entered the Syracuse University School of Law. Family Tragedy Ends First Marriage Biden got married in August 1966, before graduating from law school. He had met his first wife, Neilia Hunter, during spring break in the Bahamas. Biden earned his law degree in 1968 and began work as a public defender in Wilmington, Delaware. He also launched his career in politics, winning a seat on the New Castle Town Council at age 28. But he had much greater aspirations. 12/13/1978- Washington, DC: Closeups of senator-elect Joseph Biden, Jr., (D-DE) in his office. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images Biden took on his home-state senator, Republican J. Caleb Boggs, in the 1972 election and won, making him one of the youngest people to win election to the U.S. Senate, at age 29. The following month, Bidens wife and infant daughter Amy were killed when a tractor-trailer struck their station wagon in Hockessin, Delaware. Two other children, Hunter and Beau, were seriously injured but survived. (Beau Biden died at age 46 in 2015 from a rare form of brain cancer.) Biden nearly gave up his political career after the deaths of his wife and daughter but decided instead to take his seat in Washington, D.C.- and return home to Wilmington on the train almost every night after working in the Senate. I did it because I wanted to be able to kiss them goodnight and kiss them in the morning the next day. ... I came to realize that a child can hold an important thought, something they want to say to their mom and dad, maybe for 12 or 24 hours, and then it’s gone. And when it’s gone, it’s gone. And it all adds up. But looking back on it, the truth be told, the real reason I went home every night was that I needed my children more than they needed me. Complicated Legacy in the Senate Bidens most significant legislative achievement was President Bill Clintons signature in 1994 on the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included the Violence Against Women Act authored by the senator in 1990. The law provided more services for victims of abuse, doubled penalties for repeat sex offenders, and allowed for the prosecution of stalking. Biden has credited the measures for leading to a steep decline in domestic violence. But that same legislation has since come under fire from advocates seeking to reform the criminal justice system, who point to the laws significant negative consequences- mass incarcerations, particularly among the African-American population. The 1994 law targeted gangs, spent nearly $10 billion on new prisons, and slapped repeat violent offenders with life sentences. Clarence Thomas (C) facing Sen. Judiciary Comm. on 1st day of confirmation hrgs. w. wife Virginia (seated behind wearing flowered dress). The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images / Getty Images Biden also came under fire as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee for his handling of the 1991 confirmation hearings for U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas had been accused by law professor Anita Hill of inappropriate sexual behavior, and Biden endured strong criticism for his failure to stop Thomas supporters from attacking her during her testimony. To this day I regret I couldnt come up with a way to get her the kind of hearing she deserved, given the courage she showed by reaching out to us, Biden said in 2019. She paid a terrible price- she was abused through the hearing, she was taken advantage of, her reputation was attacked. I wish I couldve done something. Biden has also been portrayed by critics as being in the pocket of the financial services industry and credit card companies, many of whom have headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware. One of those companies, MBNA, had been Bidens largest campaign contributor, and Biden had been supportive of legislation that made it more difficult for borrowers to claim certain protections when filing bankruptcy. Meanwhile, he was portrayed as too cozy with wealthy bankers; he once said about the faltering economy: â€Å"I don’t think 500 billionaires are the reason we’re in trouble. I get into a lot of trouble with my party when I say that wealthy Americans are just as patriotic as poor folks.† Campaigns for President Derailed Biden twice sought the Democratic presidential nomination, and he failed both times. The first attempt, in 1987, ended in a train wreck, as he put it, after he was accused of plagiarism. Biden was forced to publicly acknowledge plagiarizing another authors work. He said he used five pages from a published law review article without quotation or attribution in a paper he claimed to have written as a first-year student at the Syracuse University College of Law, according to a faculty report on the incident issued at the time. Biden quit the race. Sen. Joseph R. Biden Jr. standing with his family after announcing his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images / Getty Images Biden launched his second bid for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2007. The crowded field of candidates included U.S. Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, the former first lady. Biden dropped out of the race in January 2008 after placing fifth in the Iowa caucuses. Obamas Running Mate and Vice President Obama tapped Biden to be his running mate in August 2008, a move that helped the inexperienced senator from Illinois win the presidency. Biden was seen as the wise elder statesman, a stark contrast to the inexperienced Republican vice presidential nominee that year, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin. Obama won the election and served two terms in office. Biden served as his vice president all eight years. The former senator from Delaware became Obamas most trusted adviser and helped the president form his administrations position in support of same-sex marriage, among many other key issues. Sources â€Å"Vice President Joe Biden.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/vp.Broder, John M. â€Å"Fathers Tough Life an Inspiration for Biden.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 23 Oct. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/us/politics/24biden.html.Dart, Bob. â€Å"Bidens Met, Forged Life Together after Tragedy.†Ã‚  OrlandoSentinel.com, 12 Oct. 2018, www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2008-10-24-a3bidenwife24-story.html.

Professional athlete are not over paid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional athlete are not over paid - Essay Example They have proven their skills over a period of time, they have work hard to achieve them and the most they have work hard towards creating an image. It doesn’t take a day, week, month or even a year to achieve a strong position but it takes dedication of decades to finally be able to play at a national and then international level. To be recognized and selected out of hundred and thousands of sports persons. Else for representing their country they also become a benchmark and a perfect image in minds of many people. They become their super heroes, after religion or for most of the people even before they place their heroes. They follow them in style, personality and traits. They start believing in them and that makes them a brand. Sports persons are than hired by different organizations to represent their product and services. These organizations know that their brand will be promoted because of the image they present. If we see the different aspect that they represent we shall conclude that a sports person is not alone, he does not only carry his/her name, he compromises many years of his life in order to master the skills and at the same time they compromise on their families and other social relations because they don’t have much spare time. For the efforts that the place, there are reason I can easily say that they are not over paid. For one they are best at what they do, even in other fields including accountants, lawyers, doctors, actors even writers, are millionaires, and they are paid because they perform good. In any field one would only gain if they prove that they are nothing less than the best. Same goes for the sports persons, the perform and they are paid for performing good. Another aspect that has to be kept in mind is that sports is only for a certain time period with age sports cannot be continued and that is why the earning of a sports person ends

Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Than Other Nations Case Study

Why The US Has Higher Crime Rates Than Other Nations - Case Study Example As an aspect of an individual’s personality, self-control reflects the ability to control and set up boundaries on oneself internally in response to a certain stimulus in the environment. Myers (1995) believed that behavior and actions are affected by whether people perceive the control as internal or external in which the individual is at the mercy of the outside world. Studies have made evaluative comparisons between internal and external control which showed to a great extent that internal control subjects achieve better in a social structure and act more independently in Bennassi, et al (1998). Human behavior has shown control that is often perceived as an external force that triggers feelings of depression giving out an opportunity for avoidance. However, individuals who have learned and experience self-control can easily avoid the emergence of disruptive behavior. Self-control helps a person to resist the momentary temptations of socially unacceptable behavior. Basically, through social learning man learns to exercise personal restraints through positive and negative reinforcements through normal cognitive processing. A greater degree of self-control helps a person to resist the momentary temptations of antisocial behavior in Gottfredson and Hirschi(1990:97). Further, they showed in the General Theory of Crime, that the development of criminal behavior in individuals points out that both the elements of ‘prudent and criminal behavior’ can be predicted through the evaluation and assessment of the lack of self-control alone. They argued that self-control does not necessarily require the presence of a crime but the trait itself can be changed according to the opportunities afforded and constraints affected. Although a relatively new theory in relation to criminology their theory adapts to the idea that criminal activity is gratifying and the key to understanding crime is discovering what prevents people from the errant behavior. In effect, the authors grandstand on the idea that levels of self-control may predispose criminality.

International Business Competing in the global marketplace Essay - 1

International Business Competing in the global marketplace - Essay Example Free trade must be encouraged. What this says about targeted trade barriers is that they are restrictive and detrimental to the cause of free trade. Q3) The United States is a net debtor nation and hence the FDI flows into Japan are lesser than the FDI flows into the US from Japan. Moreover, the attractiveness of the US market for its consumption patterns and its sheer size make for businesses from all over the world to invest in the US. The implications of this trend would be that more and more businesses in the US would be owned by Japanese and may not be good for the US economy in the long term. Q4) I would recommend setting up a wholly owned subsidiary in Europe as this would lead to a case where my firm can make use of the local subsidies and also leverage on the fact that the technical competence available with my firm makes it possible to manufacture the computers at half the cost. As for the other options, exporting directly from the US may involve paying tariffs and duties. And licensing to a European firm means that my firm has to share the know how with them. Q1) This is a classic question about whether free trade is beneficial or domestic market driven economies are good. My opinion is that we should go by the theory of comparative advantage and thus let firms invest abroad and complete the cycle of investments from those countries flowing back home and creating jobs. Thus, the cyclic view of trade and inflows and outflows must be taken into account while making a decision regarding investing abroad or domestically. Q2) Any multilateral trading agreement would benefit the world economy in the longer term. What one country is good at and what another is good at and hence barter or exchange has been the underpinning of the world economy and thus free trade and multilateral trade agreements benefit everyone in the longer run. As for

Shopping Malls and the Malaysian Lifestyle

Shopping Malls and the Malaysian Lifestyle 1.0 Introduction Shopping mall is inevitably the main focal point in many Malaysia city and shopping has become the Malaysian favorite pastime during weekends. Moreover, series of mega sales and discount events have encouraged the act of consumption, turning the shopping center become one of vital element in our lifestyle. The role of shopping center is gradually replacing existing public space in many modern Asian cities where the people do not have public parks or squares to hangout. Instead, a weekend family affair may just spend in the movie theatre or restaurants inside shopping mall. Therefore, shopping center is evolving into a new force whose impact should not be neglected. Nowadays, a new kind of shopping center known as the lifestyle center began emerging in Malaysia. According to International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC), the lifestyle center features an open-air architecture, typically high-end retailers, may or may not include anchor stores, and has a large concentration of dining and entertainment facilities. The properties are usually well landscaped and offer outdoor artwork, music, and trams or trolleys for on-site transportation. It is intended to support a shopping as entertainment mindset and has become highly popular in affluent communities. We can see the emerge of lifestyle malls in Greater Kuala Lumpur especially suburban Kuala Lumpur such as 1Mont Kiara, The Curve, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Sunway Giza, Alamanda Putrajaya and the list goes on. Originated in US, lifestyle center combining the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities in a town square or main street setting have become common in affluent suburban areas and are now one of the most popular retail formats in US. However, in Malaysia, the professionals are keener to recognize it as Lifestyle Mall since most of them are indoor setting but incorporated with outdoor walking mall. Thus, hereinafter, I will use the term lifestyle mall in describing the Malaysia context. 2.0 Problem Statement The emergence of lifestyle malls poses interesting question for urbanism in Malaysia. Cities in the Malaysia especially Greater Kuala Lumpur are characterized by sprawling suburban, which a pattern of development being criticized by several theorists. According to Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, she arguing that modernist planning policies that promoted highway construction has been destroyed many existing inner-city communities (Jacobs, 1961). After that, others writers such as Joel Garreau, Dolores Hayden and Robert Bruegmann agreed that suburban sprawl occurred to the destructive of urban life in America (Garreau, 1991; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Furthermore, most of the critics on the rapid suburbanization that occurred in America as well as Malaysia, is the changing of urban and social fabric in several ways, both physically and socially. According to Harriet Tregoning, he states that cars have become necessary to working, shopping and living in suburban cities. The growing dependence on automobiles necessitated by low density, sprawling land use has important implications. People living in more sprawling regions tend to drive greater distance, own more cars, breathe more polluted air, face a greater risk of traffic fatalities and walk and use transit less. One of the most common arguments is that suburban development isolated residential areas from the commercial areas and working places that served them, thus creating sprawling, inharmonious mix of single family houses, shopping centers and office parks across the suburban landscape (Duanny, 2000; Kunstler, 1993). Many of the physical and social elements that constituted the spirit of the city civic art, civic life as well as public realm were lost in the process of spatial segregation (Garreau, 1991; Duanny, 2000; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Suburbanization tends to isolate large groups of society preventing the contact between diverse members of the population that is common in more traditional urban settings. According to Fellmann et all, the upwardly mobile resident of the city-younger, wealthier and better educated- took advantage of the automobile and highway to leave the central city. The poorer and older people were left behind. The central cities and suburbs becam e increasingly differentiated. Krueger and Gibbs stated that Suburbanization produces enormous obstacles to the creation of a sense of identity with the neighborhood of residence, since the links generated are minimal and the lack of social ties makes the construction of a sense of belonging to a place very difficult (Krueger Gibbs, 2007). Duany writes It is difficult to identify a segment of the population that does not suffer in some way from the lifestyle imposed by contemporary suburban development (Duany, 2000). From a social perspective, most critics argue that in suburbia, the private realm is privileged over that of the public. Thus, without adequate public space, there is a severe shortage of venues where social interaction can take place because sharing the public realm, people have their opportunity to interact, and thus come to realize that they have little reason to fear each other. (Duany, 2000) The evolution of shopping center development in Kuala Lumpur began with the opening of the first purpose built supermarkets and emporiums such as Weld Supermarket, Yuyi Emporium and so on. The first shopping complex, Ampang Park arrived in 1973, followed by Campbell Complex, Wisma Stephen, Wisma Central, Sun Complex, Pertama Complex, Wisma MPI and Angkasaraya. These shopping complexes are essentially retail developments located within a podium block of a shopping cum office development. Anchor tenants are nonexistent and the complexes have poor amenities and parking facilities. The retail outlets are generally small and the layout design is poor with little pedestrian circulation and inefficient use of space. Pertama Complex in Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman is among the first generation shopping complexes in Kuala Lumpur. The second generation of 80s shopping complexes were purpose built shopping complexes such as Sungai Wang Plaza (1978), Bukit Bintang Plaza (1979), Kota Raya (1982), Yow Chuan Plaza (1983), Imbi Plaza (1985), KL Plaza (1985), The Mall (1987), The Weld (1988) and Pudu Plaza (1989). These complexes enjoy good accessibility as they are located on main roads or at busy junctions of arterial or main roads. Ample parking lots are provided and easy entrance and exit points are strategically located for the convenience of shoppers who travel by car. Sg Wang Plaza, one of the popular shopping centers situated in Bukit Bintang shopping district of Kuala Lumpur. The shopping complexes have much better design and the adoption of a balanced tenant mix has taken stage in the overall planning, leasing and design of the complexes. The size, distribution and layout of the retail lots are also carefully planned and designed. Anchor tenants such as Metrojaya, AEON Jusco, Isetan, Parkson are used as magnets and are purposely located to facilitate the flow of shoppers in the complexes. With rapid economic growth and urbanization in the Klang Valley, a wide range of social and economic factors have combined to influence the trends in shopping center development. The third generation of shopping centers, from the 1990s to the present, has seen the birth of new giants, with the size determine the winner of competition. Mega sized centers with vast retail space, often spanning more than two million square feet and with multiple anchor tenants, multiple mini anchors and a host of shop lots. Huge car parks accommodating more than 3000 vehicles are common, with a network of internal roads and access to main roads and highways. These mega shopping centers are usually located in the suburbs and they include Sunway Pyramid, Mid Valley Megamall, One Utama Shopping Center, and Tropicana City Mall and so on. Perhaps being huge assures success. All the mega sized shopping centers have their individual niche markets and are thriving even facing competition with each others. For example, Sunway Pyramid integrated with its own planned resort Sunway Lagoon. Without exception, all shopping centers must have good or exceptional merchandise mix and strong retail attractions in order to succeed in the face of stiff competition. Mid Valley Megamall, the Malaysias largest suburban shopping center with 3 anchor tenants located in Bangsar. The trend is moving towards hypermarkets, which may be supplanting some of the old pop and mom style grocery business. Hypermarkets are typically huge stand alone supermarket and department store type retail outlets. Carrefour, Tesco, Giant are mushrooming over the suburban cities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. For example, Giant, the largest retailer in Malaysia are currently operates 107 stores nationwide and there are more stores opening soon. On the other hand, Tesco has operates 36 stores throughout Peninsular Malaysia to date. Giant Hypermarket, the largest retailer in Malaysia is operating more than 100 stores throughout Malaysia. The major factors which have contributed towards the emergence of suburban shopping centers and hypermarkets are due to the suburbanization of residential development. With limited land available for residential development in the city, housing has spread to the surrounding land at the city fringes with vast space of available lands. With provision of road infrastructure, the young, mobile, rich and middle class families who demand for bigger homes and more luxurious features and better quality of living have migrated to the suburbs. Many of these residential developments have taken the form of new townships and self contained neighborhoods such as Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Damansara and the list goes on. Retail followed as families continued to move from central cities to the suburbs. Besides, the increases of female employments also lead to the emergence of suburban shopping center and hypermarkets. More females are entering the workforce which will directly affect the retailing pattern. It is because the addition of household incomes has increased the purchasing power. Moreover, women engaged in full time employment have less time for shopping. Thus, it results the increase of bulk buying and reduction in frequency of shopping trips. However, the shopping has turned into a family affair. Thus, it is essential to provide all in one shopping activities including shopping, food, entertainment and leisure with more emphasize on convenience, comfort and family oriented attractions and entertainment. While suburban malls only served the retail needs of suburban residents, critics began to argue that they eliminated any chance communities have for possessing physical continuity on the urban fabric since they usually located along the main route (Torino, 2005). Developers of suburban malls tend to overlook the role of shopping center as a forum of public gathering and social interaction. However, the suburban malls are not public spaces at all; they are designed for single purpose: consumption. Victor Gruen, the architect of the first modern suburban shopping mall in United States, recognized the breakdown of traditional community bonds are driven by uncontrollable suburban sprawl. Thus, Gruen envisioned the suburban mall to serve as the new town center which is dense, mixed use environments that could take place of traditional main streets and town squares. Gruen realized that the process of suburbanization was weakening the social bonds in a society that was fostered mainly in close knit rural communities and dense urban settlements. (Torino, 2005) Gruens idea was to make shopping malls more pedestrian friendly, which he achieved by putting the entire development under one roof, with stores on two levels connected by escalators and fed by two-tiered parking. In the middle of the mall was a town square, which featured a garden court under a skylight, a fishpond, enormous sculpted trees, a twenty-one-foot cage filled with exotic birds, balconies with hanging plants, and a cafà © (Gladwell, 2004). However, Gruens vision of shopping mall failed to function as town centers due to several reasons. In contrast to traditional town centers, which were extroverted, meaning that store windows and entrances faced both the parking areas and the interior pedestrian walkways, indoor malls were introverted: the exterior walls presented a blank faà §ade, and all of the activity was focused inward (Gladwell, 2004). According to Michael Sorkin, the design of shopping malls tends to reinforce the domestic values and physical order of suburbia, r ather than rectify it. In his book Variations on a Theme Park, Sorkin states, Like the suburban house that rejects the sociability of front porches and sidewalks for private back yards, malls look inward, turning their backs on the public street (Sorkin, 1992). Since most malls are located in the middle of vast parking lots set well off the street, what Sorkin refers to as pedestrian islands in an asphalt sea, their physical setting represents yet another crack in the already fragmented suburban landscape (Sorkin, 1992). Another reason why malls have failed to function as the traditional town centers that Gruen envisioned is that they are, by and large, built for a single purpose retail. According to Kevin Mattson, Whereas in cities, towns, and villages, public space invites mixed usage and contains churches, schools, courts, theaters, civic buildings and stores, malls are exclusively commercial. Access and architecture together conspire to make buying and selling the only thinkable activities (Mattson, 2009). Mattson argues that since malls are the only public spaces left in many parts of the country, they must become more like real towns with a mixture of uses: If commerce is not to become the sole activity we engage in when we are in public, malls must offer alternative activities civic, cultural, athletic, political, and recreational that define us as citizens as well as consumers (Mattson, 2009). Many urban scholars have pointed to the obvious fact that shopping malls are not true public spaces, but privatized ones where management ultimately reserves the right to limit access. In his book The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, Don Mitchell touches on the idea that malls are exclusive places, where certain groups and behaviors are not welcome (rowdy teenagers, the homeless, and political demonstrations, for example). Mitchell also comments that malls are heavily patrolled by private security forces and are subject to constant surveillance (Mitchell, 2003). Malcolm Voyce has noted that malls do not coincide with the need for an open and democratic public space and that their private nature limits and controls diversity (Voyce, 2006). Private ownership and restricted access, therefore, undermine the shopping malls ability to function as a true, democratic public space. The recent trends mark the emergence of lifestyle malls mushrooming at the suburban Klang Valley. To be named a few: The Curve, the pioneer lifestyle mall in Malaysia; Sunway Pyramid, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Alamanda Putrajaya, Axis Atrium, Sunway Giza which are operating; SSTwo Mall, 1Mont Kiara, Subang Avenue, Citta, Setia Walk, Setia Avenue and the list goes on which are on construction to join the lifestyle demand. Therefore, it is not strange that Business Week Magazine has referred the lifestyle malls as the Shopping Center of the 21st Century. The above lifestyle malls share several commons. Design ambience reflecting a main street motif is great emphasized. The developers often cite a large emphasis on food and entertainment, elements that further contribute to the atmosphere of the project. Parking is also a major concern where it is usually arranged in structures or placed underground (Malmuth, 2005). Moreover, the inclusion of mixed uses also can be found in the quality of lifestyle malls. The inclusion of non retail uses is what sets apart lifestyle malls from other retail developments, to the extent that certain developer, such as Sime UEP Brunsfield, will claim that the word lifestyle is meaningless if residential component is not incorporated. The rise of lifestyle mall also raises other important questions, particularly about how and whether the shopping centers also function as public spaces. Perhaps the most important factor leading to the emergence of lifestyle malls, however, and the focus of this thesis, is the recognition of the increasing importance of shopping centers as public spaces in suburban life. Outside of urban centers, suburbia offers very few public gathering places. Therefore, strolling through suburban malls has become the favorite pastime during weekends. It is however important to realize that the main concern of shopping center is still concern about commercial activities. While the fact is, people do not only shop in a mall, they do hangout and socialize in the same time. Besides, there are also critics on the suburban shopping malls that reinforce unsustainable suburban sprawl. Some argue that lifestyle centers represent part of an effort to reduce the effects of suburban sprawl, through the reint roduction of traditional mixed use setting. Other argues that they are only tools to earn since they are privately owned, carefully controlled. Therefore, do lifestyle malls truly represent better forms of public space than conventional malls? Developers of lifestyle malls seem to have realized that improved retail design can act as a forum for social activity as well as a source of increased revenue (Torino, 2005). If so, are they alternatives to malls as models for public space in suburban? Do lifestyle malls represent a new typology of quasi public space? And how public are those lifestyle malls? 3.0 Aim This research aims to examine the emergence of lifestyle malls of their ability to function as public space. 4.0 Objectives 4.1 To examine the publicness of lifestyle malls. 4.2 To determine the perception of shoppers experiences towards the function of lifestyle malls. 4.3 To recognize the lifestyle malls as a new form of public space in suburban. 5.0 Research Questions 5.1 How public are lifestyle malls? 5.2 How do the shoppers perceive the lifestyle malls role? 5.3 How lifestyle malls represent a new form of public space in suburban? 6.0 Outline of Methodology To answer these questions, a variety of methods will be applied. The overall methods are qualitative. Research which is primarily based on journals, articles and others. Attempt to examine the characteristic of public space in order to identify the function of lifestyle malls as public space in the context of ideas by theorists such as George Varna, Steve Tiesdell, Adam Tyndall, Kevin Lynch, W. Lewis Dijkstra, Jan Gehl as well as Project of Public Space. Interviews with planners and developers, member of Malaysian Association for Shopping and Highrise Complex Management Brief discussion regarding the trend of shopping centers in Malaysia, planning and development of selected lifestyle malls. Surveys of shoppers experience at lifestyle malls. Survey on the perceptions of shoppers towards lifestyle malls as social focus and public space. Observation Observation on the physical design of lifestyle mall, degree to the mixed tenants and how the public use the spaces. 7.0 Structure of the Thesis Chapter 1 Suburban development in Greater Kuala Lumpur, trend of shopping center in Malaysia Chapter 2 Discussion on the role of public space and how lifestyle mall fit into the context of public space Chapter 3 Case Studies Chapter 4 Survey results obtained at each lifestyle malls, observation on the quality of public space, design, level of mixed use, community events sponsored by each lifestyle mall Chapter 5 Concludes with a discussion of results and implications of the research. 8.0 Expected Output The expected output will be: Able to assess whether lifestyle mall in Greater Kuala Lumpur can function as public space. Able to determine that lifestyle mall can be another form of public space in suburban Kuala Lumpur. Able to recognize the characteristics of lifestyle mall that contribute to creation of public space.